Female students had higher mean overall problem scores compared to male students, and second-year students showed lower perceived problems compared to other students.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of a coffee beverage and two whitening systems on the surface roughness and gloss of glazed Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics (LDGC) for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. Methods: Sixty-eight LDGC disks (12 × 10 × 2 mm) were prepared from blocks of CAD/CAM systems (IPS e.max CAD ceramic). Baseline measurements for surface roughness (Ra) and gloss (GU) were taken using a 3-D optical profilometer and a glossmeter, respectively; then specimens were randomized into four groups ( n = 17). All specimens were immersed in a coffee solution (24 h × 12 days) then subjected to two whitening systems. G1-negative control (kept moist × 7 days); G2-positive control (brushed with distilled water, 200 g/load, 2 min twice daily × 7 days); G3-whitening toothpaste (Colgate optic white; relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) = 100, 200 g/load, 2 min twice daily × 7 days); and G4-simulated at-home bleaching protocol (Opalescence,15% carbamide peroxide (CP), 6 h/day × 7 days). The study outcomes were measured at baseline and after the treatments. Data were analyzed using paired T-test and one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: The mean surface roughness significantly increased ( p ⩽ 0.002) for all groups after the designated treatment protocols. Among groups, the mean surface roughness of G2 and G3 were significantly higher ( p ⩽ 0.001) (Ra: 0.51 and 0.57 μm, respectively) compared to the control group (Ra: 0.23 μm), and were not significantly different from G4 (Ra: 0.46 μm). Surface gloss decreased with no significant change within or among groups after treatment. Conclusion: All glazed LDGC had a significant increase in surface roughness after being subjected to simulated 1 year of coffee drinking and whitening systems (15% CP and whitening toothpaste), and the greatest change was associated with brushing (simulating 8 months). However, coffee beverages and whitening systems had no significant effect on the surface gloss.