Leptin is a small polypeptide codified by the Obese Gene (OB), deeply related with the body fat mass and energetic balance. Due to its diverse biological effects and downstream signal transducers, multiple classifications have been attributed to leptin, as hormone, cytokine, adypokine, growth factor, and developmental factor, among others. This scenario gives us an idea of the size of the potential biological effects generated by this molecule. The concentration of leptin in the body is determined by the amount of adipose tissue; therefore, hyperleptinemia is a common finding in obese individuals. In addition, high levels of circulating leptin may confer a poor prognosis for any pathological condition. Although leptin history has been reported for more than 20 years, its relationship with cancer has gained notoriety in the past ten years, where studies focused on discussing the issue of obesity as a strong risk factor for cancer developing. Further, growing evidences have pointed leptin as a pivotal mediator of immune response, which aggravates the scenario of cancer occurrence in the presence of obesity. Therefore, leptin can present at least two faces in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, acting by immune and non-immune mechanisms. In this paper we review the dynamic of the leptin axis in breast cancer and further discuss its role in disease, immunopathogenesis and prognosis.
In patients with primary open angle glaucoma, there is a forward shifting of the posterior and anterior corneal surfaces. This appears to be correlated with more advanced stages of functional damage, pointing to a possible link between corneal structural changes and duration and intensity of elevated intraocular pressure. Further studies may ascertain the potential for this biological marker to be used in monitoring primary open angle glaucoma patients.
Preenchimentos dérmicos com ácido hialurônico são uma escolha popular para melhorar a aparência estética com baixo risco de reações inflamatórias tardias. No entanto, relatos de reações de hipersensibilidade tardia após a vacinação COVID-19 levantaram preocupações. Embora a vacinação seja fundamental para combater a pandemia, os profissionais devem obter consentimento informado dos pacientes sobre possíveis interações com preenchimentos dérmicos e riscos de síndrome de hipersensibilidade tardia. Embora raras, essas reações requerem atenção e preparação dos profissionais para gerenciamento adequado, garantindo a segurança dos pacientes. O estudo que relaciona a vacinação, harmonização orofacial e preenchedores dérmicos com edema tardio intermitente persistente é clinicamente relevante, destacando a necessidade de compreender as interações e prevenir complicações em meio à ampla adoção da vacinação contra a COVID-19. Essa revisão narrativa da literatura tem como objetivo servir de base para o maior entendimento entre a relação da COVID-19, preenchedores dérmicos a base de ácido hialurônico e o edema tardio intermitente persistente.
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