Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of virus that attacks the respiratory system and has caused the global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some persons who are infected with this virus develop symptoms ranging from a typical cold to fever to more severe illnesses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is being actively researched but will likely take more than a year to become available to the general public. As a result, numerous researchers are actively extracting the components of active chemicals in herbal plants with antiviral potentials, such as patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). Patchouli essential oil, found in this Lamiaceae plant, has a wide range of effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and aromatherapy. More than 140 chemicals have been isolated and identified from the patchouli plant, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids, glycosides, alcohols, and aldehydes. Patchouli essential oil is mainly composed of sesquiterpene molecules, most of which are patchouli alcohol. Essential oils derived from herbal plant extracts have also been shown to be potent antiviral agents against various viruses. The efficacy of patchouli essential oil, as well as its potential as an antiviral agent to treat SARSCoV-2, will be investigated in this review.
The fruit pulp extracts of Tamarindus indica have been reported to possess several biological activities, especially antioxidant property which is suitable for cosmetic application. Therefore, the aims of this study were to formulate the tamarind fruit pulp extract loaded lotions (o/w emulsions), and to assess the antioxidant activity of tamarind fruit pulp extract loaded lotions.Initially, tamarind fruit pulp extracts were prepared by a solvent extraction method. The solvents used were water or a mixture of water and ethanol (water: ethanol= 1:1). Afterwards, the obtained tamarind fruit pulp extracts were subjected to lyophilization process. The tamarind fruit pulp extracts were tested for antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to determine suitable concentrations of the extracts to be incorporated into the lotions, which were 2 and 4%w/w in the current study. Apart from the basic ingredients of the oil phase and water phase, ViscOptima SE (2%w/w) was selected as an emulsifier and a thickener of the formulations.The tamarind fruit pulp extract loaded lotions were characterized for physicochemical property and antioxidant potential. The freshly prepared tamarind fruit pulp extract loaded lotions were light brown with homogeneity and no phase separation was observed after centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 30 min. They had weak acidic pH (4.4-5.1), considered acceptable for skin application.The loaded formulations (F1, 2%w/w) and F2, 4%w/w)) exhibited significantly higher conductivity values than that of the unloaded formulation (F0) (p<0.05). The formulations behaved as pseudoplastic flows with low viscosity. The DPPH measurement revealed that the formulations F1 and F2 had potential antioxidant activity. In conclusion, topical o/w lotions containing tamarind fruit pulp extract were successfully prepared. They had substantial antioxidant activities. As a result, tamarind fruit pulp extract loaded lotions displayed a potential use in cosmetic formulations, especially antiaging products.
The herb extract of Euphorbia hirta L. have been reported as sources of inexpensive antioxidant that can be used as potential cosmetic product. Therefore, the aims of this study were to formulate E. hirta L. extract loaded cream and to assess the antioxidant activity of loaded cream. First, E. hirta L. was prepared with maceration process using water as solvent (1:5). Afterwards, the obtained extract was subjected to a lyophilisation process. The extract was tasted for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for suitable concentration of the extract incorporated into the cream, which was 10%w/w. The cream was formulated as o/w emulsion and stearic acid was selected as an emulsifier. The extract loaded cream was tested pH, viscosity, and antioxidant. The freshly prepared extract loaded cream was dark green and no phase separation was observed after centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 30 min. They had acidic pH (4.4-5.1), considered acceptable for skin application, especially in skin face. The DPPH measurement revealed that the formulation had potential antioxidant activity with %SCV more than 80% at 100 µg/mL. In conclusion, topical o/w cream containing extract was successfully prepared with substantial antioxidant activity and was displayed a potential use in cosmetic formulations, especially antiaging products.
Patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) has antioxidant and antibacterial activities that can be used as an active ingredient in cosmetic products, such as body butter. Body butter preparations have the highest oil content. Therefore, they usually have the shortest storage period because they can easily damage during the storage period. The study aimed to evaluate the physical quality of patchouli oil body butter formulation in an accelerated stability test process for seven cycles. The formula was tested for its physical stability by organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, absorption, adhesion, and dispersibility. Preparation evaluation was carried out in each cycle and analyzed using Student's t-test. The evaluation result of body butter preparation showed no significant difference (p 0.05) in the preparation in each cycle. Therefore, it can be concluded that the body butter formulation of patchouli oil was stable during the storage period for ± six months.
Metformin (MET) is an emerging contaminant often found in aquatic environments due to incompletely metabolized after consumption in the human body, where some of its doses are excreted in unchanged form through urine or faeces. The research aims are to study MET stability in water and to evaluate the potential of pumice-based zeolite for treating MET contaminants. Zeolites were prepared from pumice via the hydrothermal treatment and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). A simple spectrophotometric method was proposed for determining the stability of MET in aqueous solution with several different conditions. The result showed that the metformin solution was unstable under strong acid conditions (pH 2), marked by the loss of the maximum absorption peak in the 220-250 nm range. The stable metformin conditions in this study were obtained at the pH of solutions ranging from 6 to 10 and temperatures between 14 oC to 40 oC. Furthermore, the stability of MET can be maintained for up to 3 days of exposure time. Based on the adsorption result, zeolite uptake capacity (196 µg/g) was higher than pumice (87 µg/g) to reduce metformin concentration. In addition, the synthesized zeolite needs further modification to increase its adsorption performance.
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