which were previously treated in tribe Galegeae, were transferred to tribe Hedysareae by . Members of Hedysareae are commonly found in dry open habitats with a continental, temperate, or Mediterranean climate, including Eurasia, North America, and the Horn of Africa (Ahangarian et al., 2007). Some taxa of the tribe are economically important as fodder legumes due to their high protein content (Hayot Carbonero et al., 2011).Molecular analyses by Wojciechowski et al. ( 2004) and Lavin et al. (2005) showed that Caragana Fabr. was the most closely related sister group to the rest of the tribe Hedysareae.Hedysareae is included in the Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) group sensu Wojciechowski et al. (2000Wojciechowski et al. ( , 2004 and Wojciechowski (2003Wojciechowski ( , 2005. In more recent studies, it has been suggested that Hedysareae sensu Lock ( 2005) is a sister group to the Astragalean clade, which includes genera such as Astragalus L., Oxytropis DC., and Colutea L., in addition to Chesneya Bertol. and its close relatives . According to Lavin et al. (2005) the most recent common ancestor of the Hedysareae and the Astragalean clade originated between 25.0 and 39.2 million years ago.The genus Onobrychis is divided into 2 subgenera:
Vol. 63, no. 2: 197-210, 2010 The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB. Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK.Abstract -These observations are the fi rst on the ultrastructure of the embryo and the endosperm of Eruca sativa Hill. We investigated the cv. Nemat, which is characterized by a particularly high amount of lipids and glucosinolates. Our observations suggested that the thick and abundant micropylar endosperm, completely surrounding the suspensor, may be the main active source of nutrients for the embryo. This endosperm, like the central chamber endosperm, is particularly rich in functional chloroplasts and cellularizes later with respect to the other previously investigated Brassicaceae. The last (distal with respect to the embryo) suspensor cell exhibits important features related to the passage of nutrients, such as wall ingrowths. In fact these ingrowths appear as highly convoluted labyrinthine wall projections. Such ultrastructural features are typical of transfer cells. The accumulation stage in E. sativa cv. Nemat appears to occur early (Heart stage of embryo development, as Brassica napus). The endosperm compartment called Chalazal Endosperm Cyst (CEC), contributes actively to the embryo trophism during the Heart and Torpedo stages. This function is evident because of the high number of chloroplasts in the cyst and for the observed continuity between the CEC and the other endosperm compartments (CC endosperm and micropylar endosperm) in cv. Nemat. The morphology of the CEC appeared to be more similar to the pyriform shape sensu Brown et al., but with a more fl attened base with respect to the proposed examples, and without labyrinthine wall. The Chalazal Chamber appeared to be more similar to the Brown's type B in E. sativa. The presence of chloroplasts with a well developed thylakoid system indicates an active photosynthetic activity by the majority of the seed tissues. E. sativa leaves are normally harvested for food, while the seeds of cv. Nemat appear to be particularly rich in oil. The premature independence of seeds and fruits from the necessity of absorbing nutrients from the rest of the plant, could indicate the possibility of harvesting both leaves (earlier) and seeds (later) in this plant without compromising a full seed maturation.
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