During cocoa ( L.) processing, the accumulated cocoa shell can be used for bioconversion to obtain valuable compounds. Here, we evaluate the effect of solid-state fermentation of cacao flour with on secondary metabolite composition, phenol, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonol, and fatty acids contents, and antioxidant activity. We found that the total concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols did not change significantly after fermentation and the phenolic compound and total carotenoid concentrations were higher. The fermentation process produced an increase in saponin concentration and antioxidant activity, as well as significant changes in the levels of oleic, linoleic, gamma-linolenic, and saturated fatty acids. Based on our findings, we propose that the reuse of food residues through solid state fermentation is viable and useful.

Prickly palm cactus husk was used as a solid-state fermentation support-substrate for production of the ligninolytic enzymes laccase, peroxide manganese, and lignin peroxidase by . Effects of water activity, temperature, and fermentation time on enzymatic production were evaluated using a central composite rotatable design. Response surface methodology revealed that maximum enzyme production was achieved at 73.38 h of fermentation, a water activity of 0.87 A, at 28.74°C for laccase, at 65.33 h, 0.89 A, and 28.96°C for lignin peroxidase, and at 70.44 h, 0.91 A, and 28.84°C for manganese peroxidase. Optimized enzyme production was 9,023.67 UI/L for laccase, 2,234.75 UI/L for lignin peroxidase, and 8,534.81 UI/L for manganese peroxidase. Thermostability and pH stability were observed for all enzymes. Enzymatic deactivation kinetic experiments indicated that enzymes remained active after freezing of crude extracts.

No abstract

No abstract