Root-knot nematodes are considered one of the severe plant pathogens that can be managed effectively with chemical nematicides in spite of their hazards to humans and the environment. Our work focus on the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma spp. culture filtrates, the bioproduct Top perfect and the nematicide Vydate ® L 24% for controlling Meloidogyne incognita infecting pepper plants cv. Balady. Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, treatments with 0.025 and 0.05 μl of Vydate ® L 24%/ml distilled water caused the highest reductions ranging from 83.9-99% in nematode egg-hatching and increased 2 nd stage juveniles' mortality; the number of root galls and egg masses, followed by treatments with the (100 μl/ ml, 10 ml/200 cc soil and 50 ml/ kg soil) of B. subtilis, Trichoderma culture filtrates, and the bioproduct Top perfect which showed 60.4-79.8 % inhibition. Meanwhile, treatments with the low doses (50 μl/ ml, 5 ml/200 cc soil and 25 ml/ kg soil) of B. subtilis, Trichoderma culture filtrates and the bioproduct, Top perfect resulted in 23.5-59.6 % inhibition in nematode parameters compared with the check treatment. In comparison to check treatment under greenhouse conditions application of Vydate ® L 24% showed a 60.2-77.8% increase in growth parameters of pepper plants, followed by both treatments with high and low doses of B. subtilis, Trichoderma culture filtrates, and the bioproduct Top perfect which showed 43.1-58.8% and 29.7-42.0% increase, respectively. Tested biocontrol agents could achieve various degrees of root-knot nematode control on pepper plants infected with M. incognita under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.
In a trial for comparison between the efficiency of single fowl pox (FP) vaccination and the efficiency of each combined FP and Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) vaccination and simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo and with FP and Chicken anemia virus (CAV) vaccines our conclusion was that there is no antagonistic reaction between FP virus strain and each AE, Reo and CA viruses strains. In addition, humoral immune response against AE virus strain in case of combined AE+FP vaccination is markedly potent than that in case of single AE vaccination, more over the value of average EID 50 of AE virus strain in several batches of combined AE+FP vaccines is significantly higher at P > 0.05 than that in several batches of single AE vaccines. On the other hand, immune response against FP virus strain and Reo virus strain in case of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is higher than that in case of single FP vaccination and single Reo vaccination. Consequently, it is advisable to use combined live attenuated AE+FP vaccine instead of vaccination with single FP and AE separately. Also, application of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is advisable as it is proved to be more beneficial than vaccination with each vaccine separately specially in case of that FP vaccine of low potency.
In this study, two methods for determination of formalin amount were applied on samples of inactivated vaccines representing local or foreign companies. The first method; matching method was conducted by using phenyl hydrazine while in the other method is; spectrophotometry phloroglucinol was used. Spectrophotometrical method was found more sensitive and more accurate than the matching one. At the same time, the spectrophotometry method could be used for determination of formalin in all inactivated vaccines either bacterial or viral vaccines.
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