Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the tongue epithelial response to cigarette smoke exposure on a number of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression to determine the risk factor of oral cancer development.
Materials and Methods Thirty Rattus norvegicus will be exposed to two kinds of cigarette smoke by a smoking pump for 4 and 8 weeks. The tongues were collected to analyze the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells with hematoxylin-eosin. The MMP-9 expression was similarly analyzed with immunohistochemical staining and then compared with the control group.
Results The number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and MMP-9 expression was higher in the 8-week cigarette smoke exposure compared to the 4-week cigarette smoke exposure and the control group (p < 0.000). The number of plasma cell did not differ in the 8-week cigarette smoke exposure from that of the control group (p > 0.05). The number of plasma cells in the tongue tissue during the 4-week cigarette smoke exposure was not determined.
Conclusion Cigarette smoke exposure induces the risk of oral cancer development as a result of an increase in the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and MMP-9 expression in the tongue epithelial.
Background: Caries is a common dental and oral health problem. Caries is one of the serious health problems for schoolchildren, especially elementary school children. Primary school-age children are susceptible to dental and oral healthproblems due to lack of knowledge, and they are still unable to maintain oral and dental health. The level of teacher’sknowledge about dental and oral health influences students’ attitudes and behavior regarding dental and oral health.Purpose: To identify the effect of identification and management of dental health problems empowerment program onkindergarten and elementary school teachers’ knowledge in Keputih public health center (Puskesmas). Methods: Thiswas an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The population was a kindergarten and elementaryteachers in Keputih. Results: The result showed an increase in teachers’ knowledge from 50% to 72.5% after theintervention. Conclusions: The program concluded that there was an increase in teachers’ knowledge levels regardingthe identification and management of resolving dental health problems.
Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L) is one of the traditional medicinal plants, which are containing several active compounds that potentially affecting hematopoietic. The aims of this study are to elucidate the effect of leaf extract of Tapak Liman on hematopoietic in mice BALB/c, by observation on relative number of cells expressing CD4/CD8, CD4/CD62L, and TER119/B220 in the spleen; TER119/B220, TER119/VLA-4 and TER119/CD34 in bone marrow, after given the leaf extract for 2 weeks. This experiment was used 12 female mice, which is divided on 3group treated with leaf extract of Tapak Liman (P 1 = 0.5 g. g bw-1 .day-1 , P 2 = 1.0 g. g bw +), in spleen and bone marrow.
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