Establishment of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) has resulted in a surveillance system which provides regular, reliable, timely, and accurate data on children's weight status-through standardized measurement of bodyweight and height-in the WHO European Region. Additional data on dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, family background, and school environments are collected in several countries. In total, 45 countries in the European Region have participated in COSI. The first five data collection rounds, between 2007 and 2021, yielded measured anthropometric data on over 1.3 million children. In COSI, data are collected according to a common protocol, using standardized instruments and procedures. The systematic collection and analysis of these data enables intercountry comparisons and reveals differences in the prevalence of childhood thinness, overweight, normal weight, and obesity between and within populations. Furthermore, it facilitates investigation of the relationship between overweight, obesity, and potential risk or protective factors and improves the understanding of the development of overweight and obesity in European primary-school children in order to support appropriate and effective policy responses.
Introduction:We evaluated uptake and factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination among health workers (HWs) in Azerbaijan.Results: Among 1575 HWs, 73% had received at least one dose, and 67% received two doses; all received CoronaVac. Factors associated with vaccination uptake included no previous COVID-19 infection, older age, belief in the vaccine's safety, previous vaccination for influenza, having patient-facing roles and good or excellent health by self-assessment. Conclusion:These findings could inform strategies to increase vaccination uptake as the campaign continues.
Clinical decision support and e-learning will be essential if we are to achieve the goal of preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by extremely dangerous pathogens. However, these resources on their own will not be enough to achieve this outcome. To achieve this outcome, resources must be integrated into undergraduate and postgraduate educational curricula, accredited as part of continuous professional development programmes, built around the knowledge and skills gaps of learners and developed using an evidence-based methodology that will enable healthcare professionals to put their learning into action for the benefit of both patients and populations. This article describes and contextualises the personal views discussed at a workshop on education and clinical decision support for healthcare professionals reacting to an infectious disease outbreak from extremely dangerous pathogens.
Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) have suffered considerable morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies have evaluated Coronavac vaccine effectiveness (VE), particularly in eastern Europe, where the vaccine has been widely used. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among HCWs in seven hospitals in Baku, Azerbaijan between May 17 to December 1, 2021, to evaluate primary series (two-dose) CoronaVac VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants completed weekly symptom questionnaires, provided nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing when symptomatic, and provided serology samples at enrolment that were tested for anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. We estimated VE as (1 – hazard ratio)*100 using a Cox proportional hazards model with vaccination status as a time-varying covariate. Results We enrolled 1582 HCWs. At enrolment, 1040 (66%) had received two doses of CoronaVac; 421 (27%) were unvaccinated. During the study period, 72 PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred; 36/39 (92%) sequenced samples were classified as delta variant. The adjusted primary series VE against COVID-19 illness was 29% (95% CI:-51%;67%). For the delta-predominant period, adjusted primary series VE was 19% (95% CI:-81%;64%). For the entire analysis period, adjusted primary series VE was 39% (95% CI:-40%;73%) for HCW vaccinated within 14–149 days, and 19% (95%CI:-81;63) for those vaccinated ≥150 days. Conclusions During a delta-predominant period in Azerbaijan, point estimates suggest that primary series CoronaVac protected nearly 1 in 3 HCWs against COVID-19, but this finding was not statistically significant. Our findings underscore the need to consider booster doses in individuals who have received primary series CoronaVac.
Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common illness that can complicate pregnancy and result in an increased incidence of congenital malformations. Offspring of diabetic mothers suffering from type IDDM have a fivefold incidence of congenital malformations compared to pregnancies in the general healthy population. Specifically, the pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) encountered among this group, with an emphasis on abnormalities of laterality, looping and conotruncal septation, suggesting that the maternal metabolic state affects cardiogenesis at a very early stage of the developmental period, prior to 7 weeks of gestation. Although many have been written on the effect of diabetes in pregnant women, less is known for the effects of type II DM and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its role in provoking CHD. Aim of this paper is to review the literature regarding the types of CHD seen in offspring of mothers suffering from different types of diabetes mellitus, maternal types 1 and 2 and gestational and to comment on the incidences and any differences found in the types of detected CHD.
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