Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains one of the leading agents of urinary tract infection (UTIs), it has become resistant to many drugs. Current work aimed to evaluate some chemical substances as antibacterial agents and molecular study of virulence factors associated with UTIs. Methods: This work involved 133 urine specimens obtained from females' patients suffering from UTIs, Methods of well diffusion and disk diffusion were achieved to assay the effect of some chemical substances and antibiogram profiles toward Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT)resistant E. coli respectively. Virulence genes were done based on the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results:The results recorded 49/133 (36.84%) E. coli among women suffering UTIs, 28/49 (57.14%) were resistant to SXT drug. imipenem, meropenem, and nitrofurantoin were recorded more effectively. Chemicals substances at the concentration 0.3 (g/ml) recorded percentages of inhibition, reaching 9.143±1.442, 15.36±0.5914, and 21.82±0.8699 for NaHCO3, Ch4c, and Viroxide Super™ respectively. PCR demonstrated that 28/28 (100%) of SXT-resistant E. coli isolates were harbored Sul-2, FeoB and PapC genes, while 14/28 (50%), 15/28 (53.57%), 19/28 (67.85%) and 26/28 (92.85%) in U250 (pet), FumC, Sul-1 and IutA genes, respectively. Sul-3 gene was not observed. Conclusions: Observed a high percentage of E. coli that were resistant to SXT drug, and having several virulence genes, poses a real threat, it requires a real pause to create substitutions to limit the spreading of this threat.

Acinetobacter species have produced numerous complications in nosocomial infections. AmpC beta-lactamases are regarded as one of the most significant mechanisms of resistance in this pathogen, therefore this study included molecular investigation of AmpC family gene among Acinetobacter spp. in Najaf City, Iraq. The results of culture growth showed that of the 928 affected patients, 487(52.47%) were female and 441(47.52%) were male and 522(56.25%) showed bacterial growth while 406(43.75%) showed no growth. The results revealed that bacterial growth was higher in females 13(4.49%) compared to 15(6.79) in males. Current study recorded 28 (5.36%) Acinetobacter spp. isolates. recoverd from the different infections, the results of microbial diagnosis showed that 26 isolates were attributed to A. baumannii, while 2 isolates were attributed to A. lwoffii. The PCR data revealed that all Acinetobacter spp. isolates in the current study carried 28 (100%) DHA genes, while only 2 (7.14%) isolates from A. baumannii carried ACC genes that appeared in positive bands with the correct product size. At the same time, PCR data showed that the genes of CIT, FOX, EBC and MOX were not detected.

Background: Exist of folate pathway inhibitor genes among Acinetobacter spp. isolates are regarded as a significant mechanism of resistance for sulfa drugs in this pathogen. Objective: This study aimed to investigate genes associated with sulfa drugs resistance among Acinetobacter spp. using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Patients and Methods: This study included 928 specimens from patients who visited the main hospitals and private clinic laboratories of Al-Najaf City-Iraq. All specimens were cultivated and bacterial diagnosis was done according to standard methods. Antibiotics susceptibility and molecular investigation for sul-1, sul-2, sul-3, dfr-A, dfr-B, dfr-G and dfr-K for all Acinetobacter spp. isolates were done. Results: The rate of Acinetobacter spp. isolates were 28 (5.4%). Results showed a high resistance towards antibiotics classes, 28 (100%) of isolates were resistance to piperacillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefepime, while the lowest resistance rate was against minocycline reached 42.85. PCR showed 28 (100%) of Acinetobacter spp isolates were harbored sul-1 and drf-G genes. 25 (89.29%) and 21 (75%) of isolates were positive for sul-2 and drf-A genes respectively, while sul-3, drf-B and drf-K genes were not detected. Conclusion: There is a great deal of concern about antimicrobial agent resistance and also about the number of drugassociated resistance genes contained in Acinetobacter spp. isolates especially sul-1, sul-2, dfr-A, and dfr-G, which have a significant role in sulfa drug resistance.

Escherichia coli has a major cause of women urinary tract infection, which it harbours various kinds of drug resistance-associated genes. So, the current study examined the prevalence and frequency of genes. These genes are responsible for the resistance of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone drugs in uropathogenic gentamicin-resistant E. coli isolated from urinary tract infections among women. Six hundred urine specimens were tested. The data revealed 348 (58%) and 70 (11.66%) had gram-positive and gram-negative, respectively. The other 182 (30.33%) were found without any growth. A total of 600 clinical specimens were 167(27.833%) identified as E.coli isolate according to biochemical tests and Vitek-2 System. The phenotypic gentamicin-resistant screening (MIC and disk diffusion) revealed out of 167(27.833%) E.coli isolates were 25(4.166%) gentamicin-resistance. Antibacterial agents susceptibility of 25 gentamicin-resistant E.coli isolates showed concern level of resistance among different categories of antibacterial agents, ranged from high resistance 25(100%) for nalidixic acid to less rate of resistance 4/25(16%) by imipenem drug. Molecular data have demonstrated the prevalence of associated resistance genes for both aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Among 25 gentamicin-resistant E.coli isolates 24/25(96%) were harbours for the genes gyr-B, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, strA/B, and 23/25(92%) of isolates were harbouring for the genes gyrA, qnrS, and aacC-2. In contrast, qnr-B, aac(6′)/aph(2′), and aph(3)lla were identified in 20/25(80%), 11/25(44%) and 8/25(32%) respectively. At the same respect, aacC-1, qnrA, and qnrC genes were no detect in the current study. However, 24/25(96%) of isolates were carrying the class 1integron (intel-1) gene.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a main clinical opportunistic pathogen that causes of morbidity and mortality among burn patients. therefore this study aimed to detection of RND-type efflux pump genes among P. aeruginosa isolates in Najaf City, using PCR technique. The study involved 68 specimen's obtained from burn patients visited burns unit center  as well as some chief clinical laboratories in Najaf City period December 2021 to  March 2022. This study showed among 68 burn patients 47(69.11%) and 12 (17.64%) of positive bacterial growth returned to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria respectively. In contrast, 9(13.23%) of specimens were no growth. In the same respect, the results according to total positive bacterial growth have shown that the rate of P. aeruginosa isolates was 32(54.23%) At same as following 12(20.33%) in men compared with 20(33.89%) in women. The molecular results of efflux pump genes in this study revealed that  31 (96.87%%) of  P. aeruginosa isolates were contained MexA and MexD genes, While 30(93.75%) of isolates were positive for MexB gene. Moreover, 25(78.12%) of isolates were harbored MexC and MexY genes, as well as 23(71.87%) of isolates were harbored MexX gene.