In the present study, two new compounds, together with six known compounds, were isolated from rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz by a series of silica gel, ODS column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were characterized as atractylenolide II (1), atractylenolide I (2), biepiasterolid (3), isoatractylenolide I (4), atractylenolide III (5), 3β-acetoxyl atractylenolide I (6), (4E,6E,12E)-tetradeca-4,6,12-triene-8,10-diyne-13,14-triol (7), (3S,4E,6E,12E)-1-acetoxy-tetradeca-4,6,12-triene-8,10-diyne-3,14-diol (8) on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR, and circular dichroism analyses. Among them, compounds 6 and 8 were novel compounds. In addition, their neuroprotective activity against MPP-induced SH-SY5Y cells was evaluated by MTT colorimetry. The results showed that all these compounds have definite protective effect on MPP-induced SH-SY5Y cells.
The present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of arctigenin, the major active component of a traditional Chinese medicine “Arctii Fructus”, against PD in a rat model induced by rotenone.
Objective. To investigate the pulmonary function responses to respiratory muscle training (RMT) in individuals with tetraplegia and provide a systematic review of the included studies. Methods. Computerized retrieval of randomized controlled trials (RCT) in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library on the improvement of respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injury by RMT was conducted until May 2019. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies. Articles were scored for their methodological quality using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment tool. Results. Sixteen studies were identified. A significant benefit of RMT was revealed for five outcomes: force vital capacity (FVC, WMD: -0.43, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.03, P=0.037), vital capacity (VC, WMD: -0.40, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.12, P=0.006), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV, WMD: -5.89, 95% CI -10.63 to -1.14, P=0.015), maximum static inspiratory pressure (MIP, WMD: -13.14, 95% CI -18.01 to -8.27, P<0.001), and maximum static expiratory pressure (MEP, WMD: -13.08, 95% CI -23.78 to -2.37, P=0.017). No effect was found for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Conclusion. Our findings demonstrate that RMT can effectively improve spinal cord injury pulmonary function of the patient, which is marked by increasing respiratory strength, function, and endurance. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, the above conclusion needs to be verified by more high-quality studies.
Background: There is a continued debate and inconsistent findings in previous literature about the relationship of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) susceptibility as well as cognitive dysfunction. To substantiate this existing gap, we comprehensively examine COMT genotype effects on the development of PD and test the hypothesis that the Met158 allele of the COMT gene is associated with cognitive dysfunction by conducting a meta-analysis review. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane databases search (18/30/08) yielded 49 included studies. Data were extracted by two reviewers and included COMT genotype, publication year, diagnostic status, ancestry, the proportion of male participants, and whether genotype frequencies were consistent with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) were used to derive pooled estimates of PD risk overall and in subgroups defined by ethnicity, gender, and onset of disease. Moreover, the association of certain cognitive domains in PD and COMT gene type was explored. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effect models and p value–based methods. All statistical tests were two-sided. The present study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018087323). Results: In the current studies, we found no association between COMT Val158/108Met polymorphism and PD susceptibility. However, the gender-stratified analyses revealed marginally significant effects in heterozygote model analyses in women ( P = 0.053). In addition, stratification according to onset of PD also shows significant effects of COMT Val158/108Met polymorphism on late-onset population both in recessive ( P = 0.017) and allelic ( P = 0.017) genetic models. For the intelligence quotient (IQ) score and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III), there was no evidence for genetic association, except in subgroup analyses in Asian populations (IQ score, P = 0.016; UPDRS III, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The COMT Val158/108Met polymorphism is associated with the risk for PD in female or late-onset PD. Methionine/methionine carriers of Asian population performed significantly worse than the valine allele carriers in IQ score and UPDRS III.
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