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NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. iii 2 Develop Study Databases and Establish Initial Conditions This section contains definitions and context for the study. Specifically, Section 2.1 discusses the selection and improvement of the study cases. Refinement and documentation of the study cases are reported in Section 2.2. Performance and monitoring metrics are described in Section 2.3. The development of the Hi-Mix (33% annual energy penetration from wind and solar) cases is reported in Section 2.4 through Section 2.6. 2.1 Selection of Study Cases This section covers the selection of the WECC cases from which the WWSIS-3 study cases were developed. The investigation and improvement of the selected cases are discussed in detail. The initial condition metrics for new base cases are presented. 2.1.1 Key Considerations The study databases were selected based on the following requirements: • The study case should be credible and meaningful. • The study case should have a longer horizon, e.g., extend beyond the year 2020. • The load flow in the study cases should include major system generation changesadditions and retirements-for which there is some degree of consensus in WECC. • The study case should have a transmission build-out that is realistic and not overly optimistic.

Sex differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function were examined in gonadectomized male and female rats given equivalent sex hormone replacement regimens either using subcutaneous silastic implants (Experiment 1) or cannula implants in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) (Experiment 2) containing either dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone propionate (TP), estradiol benzoate (EB), or left empty (control). Plasma was obtained before and after 20 min of restraint stress to determine plasma ACTH, corticosterone, and CBG levels as measures of HPA function. Consistent with the literature, androgens decreased, and estrogen increased these measures of HPA function, although peripheral implants were more effective than MPOA implants. Gonadectomy and sex hormone treatment did not eliminate sex differences; overall, females had higher levels than males on measures of HPA function. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated interactions of sex and sex hormone treatment on CBG levels and post-stress corticosterone levels in Expt. 1. The results suggest that sexual dimorphisms influence HPA function even when males and females are given equivalent physiological doses of gonadal steroids, and that the relevant sexual dimorphisms involve both the periphery and the CNS.

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