In the present work six metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn and Ni) were analyzed for, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in three main feed brands commonly used in Sokoto (2 commercial feed and 1 locally compounded chicken feed). Initially, the samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid at about 3700C to 4500C heat in a digestion block. The concentration in ìg/ml of the six metals analyzed for in the feed samples ranged between 0.04 and 1.21 for Cu, 0.01 and 0.55 for Pb, 1.43 and 11.65 for Zn, 0.10 and 0.12 Cd, 0.94 and 3.12 for Mn and 0.004 and 0.25 for Ni. In most of the analyzed samples, the concentration of Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni was found to be lower than the nutritional requirement of broiler chicken at a level which could be harmful for the poultry. Also the study showed the presence of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in all the feed samples analyzed, but none exceeded permissible levels as set by European Union and National Research Council.Keywords: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chicken feeds, Contamination, Heavy metals, Sokoto, Toxicity

The prevalence of lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and magnesium in liver and kidney samples of slaughtered cattle at Sokoto abattoir was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. A total of twenty four samples were collected for analyses.

Researchers in nanoparticle manufacturing have recently turned to biomanufacturing to reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles because these microorganisms work as ecofriendly nanofactories, which were controlled on the size and shape of manufactured nanoparticles, this technique can occur either inter the cellular structure or extracellular structure, but the extracellular synthesis is cheaper and require simple processing technique .Therefore, in the current study bacterial strains isolated from contaminated soil with motor oil were selected to synthesize silver nanoparticles by extracellular method at 37C° for (72-168)hours. The result of fabrication was observed by the shift in thecolor of reacted solution into yellowish brown and confirmed the fabrication of Ag NPs by UV-Visible spectroscopy that measured the absorption spectra of Ag NPs which was located between (404 -444) nm. Also,FITR analysis was used to determine the functional groups of bacteria that participated in the reduction of Ag + into Ago through notice the presence of band located between (3344-3310) cm -1 related to NH(Amide) and the presence of bandbetween(1633-1636) cm -1 assigned to C=O(carbonyl amide). Finally, AgNPs fabricated by supernatant of Bacillus strains when reacted with 3mM AgNO3 solution showed more effective against Staphylococcus aureus than E. coli.