Early failure is infrequent but is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Its detection and management require careful clinical assessment. Most cases occur because of inadequate host-pathogen responses. Discordant therapy is a less frequent cause of failure, which may be preventable by rational application of the current antibiotic guidelines.

In selected patients who had community-acquired pneumonia, PSI risk class II and III, and were treated with levofloxacin, outpatient care in the absence of respiratory failure, unstable comorbid conditions, complicated pleural effusions, and social problems was as safe and effective as hospitalization and provided greater patient satisfaction.

Bacteremia due to rESKAPE pathogens is frequent in SOT recipients and causes significant morbidity and mortality. rESKAPE organisms should be considered when selecting empirical antibiotic therapy for hospitalized SOT recipients presenting with septic shock, particularly those with prior transplantation and antibiotic use.