Resistive bolometry is an accurate, robust, spectrally broadband technique for measuring absolute x-ray fluence and flux. Bolometry is an independent technique for x-ray measurements that is based on a different set of physical properties than other diagnostics such as x-ray diodes, photoconducting detectors, and P-I-N diodes. Bolometers use the temperature-driven change in element resistivity to determine the total deposited energy. The calibration of such a device is based on fundamental material properties and its physical dimensions. We describe the use of nickel and gold bolometers to measure x rays generated by high-power z pinches on Sandia’s Saturn and Z accelerators. The Sandia bolometer design described herein has a pulse response of ∼1 ns. We describe in detail the fabrication, fielding, and data analysis issues leading to highly accurate x-ray measurements. The fundamental accuracy of resistive bolometry will be discussed.
During the summer of 1983, a series of pool fire tests was conducted in which the test item was a 1.4 m diameter, 6 . 9 m long, mild steel calorimeter with a mass of approximately 10,000 kg. of these tests was to study the thermal response of a large test item in a specified fire configuration, to define thermal boundary conditions, and to assess the repeatability of the fire environment. The calorimeter was used to simulate a nuclear waste transportation cask in both a geometric and thermal sense.The purpose INTRODUCTION
Mathematical models are developed for the response of surface mounted thermocouples on a thick wall. These models account for the significant causes of errors in both the transient and steady-state response to changes in the wall temperature. In many cases, closed form analytical expressions are given for the response. The cases for which analytical expressions are not obtainable can be easily evaluated on a programmable calculator or a small computer.
An approximate analytical model of the transient response of a circular foil heat-flux gauge to a step change in incident radiant heat flux is described. This model demonstrates that the sensitivity and the transient response of the gauge are significantly affected by heat flow from the foil to the center lead wire. Results obtained for the transient response to a step change in incident radiant flux from the model agree closely with experimental results from several gauges with different sensitivities. Convolution of the present model and previous exponential models of the unit step response, with a transient incident flux represented by a terminal ramp, shows that the response predicted by a previous exponential model differs significantly from that predicted by the present model.
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