Heat transfer to large objects in large pool fires

On the response of 500gal propane tanks to a 25% engulfing fire

“…(iii) In Test 04-06, the fire was between about 820 and 930 1C, which is in line with expected fire temperatures for hydrocarbon pool fires. Temperatures of liquid hydrocarbon pool fires are in the range from 800 to 950 1C (Bainbridge & Keltner, 1988). In this test the tank ruptured very rapidly as would be expected based on simple hoop stress and material property considerations.…”

“…The actual ambient UTS turned out to be 620 MPa which means the high-temperature UTS would also have been higher for the steel as tested. This explains why it took over 700 1C wall temperature for failure (Bainbridge & Keltner, 1988). Fig.…”

On the thermal rupture of 1.9m3 propane pressure vessels with defects in their thermal protection system

“…In most cases, the fire was between about 820 and 940 1C, which is in line with fire-test standards. Credible liquid hydrocarbon pool fires are in the range from 800 to 950 1C (Bainbridge & Keltner, 1988). (ii) The SA 455 steel as tested was tougher than expected based on minimum properties of SA 455 (minimum UTS ¼ 480-515 MPa, actual test steel was $610 MPa).…”

Coupling of integral methods and CFD for modeling complex industrial accidents

“…More recently, Sun et al (Sun et al (2015), Sun and Guo (2013)) provided a dynamic LNG pool fire simulation to estimate mitigation through high expansion foam at different burning times. Several authors proposed pool fire simulations to analyze the potential occurrence of cascading events (e.g., Bainbridge and Keltner (1988), Masum Jujuly et al (2015), Siddapureddy et al (2016)). However, they focused on the determination of the thermal loads distribution on the outer surface of the vessels engulfed by the flames (Siddapureddy et al (2016)) or exposed to distant source radiation (Masum Jujuly et al (2015)), while the complex behavior of the tank lading was not taken into account.…”