Light exposure from the sun is the most crucial variable for producing optimal pitcher size and colour variation in Nepenthes. This study aimed to observe the effect of forest canopy structure on morphological character of Nepenthes ampullaria’s pitcher parts (longitudinal, front, and peristome) both on size and shape using Geometric morphometric (GM) approach and its prey diversity. We classified the forest canopy structure into two categories: inside the canopy and open space area (gap). We used Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images to build Canopy Height Model (CHM). Then, ForestGapR R package used to analyse and generated the forest gaps area. The prey specimens and photograph samples comprised from 9 individuals with three lower pitchers in open space area with high light exposure as well as shaded area inside the canopy. Total of 54 images were marked by point and curve to generated a landmark analysis using GeoMorph R package. Based on GM analysis, we observed that the forest canopy structure could affect Nepenthes pitcher shape but not in pitcher size. Our field result revealed Nepenthes ampullaria likely dominated by darker colour with a red spot in the shaded area and bright green colour in the open. However, based on our study the pitcher in shaded area inside the canopy have a larger number of prey species than the open area.
Sumatran Mulberry [Morus macroura var. Macroura] is the mascot [identity] flora of West Sumatra. Clarification of individual sex and genetic variation is necessary for its conservation. The SRAP [Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism] marker system is one of the powerful molecular tools for clarification of individual sex and estimating its genetic diversity of plant species. The purpose of this study was to examine the male and female individuals in Andalas [Morus macroura] trees and to analyze their genetic variation. The fifteen individuals [accessions] of Morus macroura from three locations in West Sumatra [Limau Manis, Padang, Lubuak Gadang, South Solok and Andaleh, Tanah Datar] were collected to provide the DNA samples. A combination of seven primers was used to amplify the fifteens of DNA samples. Specific bands for the sex were examined in selected individuals, and Geneticvariation with four parameters: Number of allele [na], Number of effective allele [ne], Gene Diversity [h]; Shannon’s Information Index [I] were analyzed. The PCR Test indicated that Fifty fragments were obtained from the amplification of DNA samples using seven combinations of primers. The most number of fragments were found in the combination of primer B and E. The specific band at The 20 bp and 30 fragments were useful to distinguish the sex of the examined individual trees. The genetic variation of Morus macroura was moderate low [na=1.540; ne=1.273; h=0.168; and I=0.259]. Genetic diversity of Limau Manis Population [h=0.241] was higher than Lubuak Gadang [h=0.116] and Andaleh population [h=0.148].
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