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В настоящее время основой повышения урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур становится высокая культура земледелия, в том числе экологически безопасное применение химических удобрений и пестицидов и их замещение на биопрепараты с аналогичным спектром действия. Актуален как поиск новых видов, штаммов и изолятов бактерий-антагонистов, перспективных для использования в качестве агентов биологического контроля, так и исследование механизмов антифунгальной активности, в частности связи между способностью подавлять рост и развитие тест-объектов в модельных условиях и в агроценозе. Целью настоящей работы была оценка возможности применения бактерий, выделенных из копролитов дождевых червей, как основы биопрепарата для контроля фитопатогенных грибов-возбудителей корневых гнилей зерновых культур. Опыты проводили в 2013-2015 годах. В предварительном скрининге на наличие фунгистатической и ростостимулирующей активностей в лабораторных тестах были отобраны два штамма-Pseudomonas sp. GS4 и Pseudomonas sp. PhS1. Фунгистатический эффект определяли по способности бактерий уменьшать скорость роста грибных колоний на агаризованной питательной среде и снижать зараженность семян мягкой пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.) сорта Иргина возбудителями инфекций в тесте с использованием рулонов стерильной фильтровальной бумаги. Контролем служили семена, замоченные в водопроводной воде. В качестве эталона использовали обработку семян разрешенным к применению на территории Российской Федерации химическим фунгицидом Дивиденд Стар КС (Dividend® Star, «Syngenta AG», Швейцария) (действующие вещества дифеноконазол-30 г/л, ципроконазол-6,3 г/л) в рекомендуемых нормах расхода. Для оценки антифунгальной активности бактерий в полевых условиях проводили учеты корневых гнилей в фазы кущения и начала цветения у растений мягкой пшеницы сорта Иргина и ячменя (Hordeum vulgare L.) сорта Ача. В лабораторном эксперименте показано статистически значимое (р < 0,05) снижение скорости роста фитопатогенных грибов Fusarium oxysporum, Bipolaris sorokiniana и Alternaria spp. (в 1,5-2,5 раза по сравнению с контролем). Выявлено уменьшение (р < 0,05) общей зараженности семян возбудителями инфекций во всех вариантах бактеризации на 53-76 % относительно контроля. Влияние бактерий в экспериментах in planta оценивалось в малых модельных системах. Полученные результаты показали статистически значимое (р < 0,05) снижение распространенности корневых гнилей при бактеризации Pseudomonas sp. GS4 на 33-37 %, Pseudomonas sp. PhS1-на 57-60 %; индекс развития корневых гнилей снизился соответственно в 2,1-2,4 раза и в 3,3-3,5 раза. Учет численности микроорганизмов в зоне ризосферы, проведенный в фазу начала цветения зерновых в вегетационном опыте, выявил тенденцию к увеличению общей численности микроорганизмов на 19-70 % в зависимости от сельскохозяйственной культуры и варианта бактеризации. Численность фосфатмобилизующих бактерий в ризосфере пшеницы в опыте была в среднем в 5,5-7,2 раза выше, чем в контроле, в ризосфере ячменя-в 2,1-3,2 раза. Результаты учета корневых гнилей в вегетацион...

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It is well known that reducing the extent of damage to grain crops by root rot causing agents is one of the most effective ways to increase the yield of agricultural grain crops and improve their quality. These diseases are especially harmful for hard wheat, barley, soft spring wheat, and winter rye. Yield losses due to these diseases may reach 19-20% or more for wheat and 25-30% or more for barley. In order to assess the effectiveness of the bacteria isolated from earthworm coprolites as biological control agents, we conducted a series of field tests in Western Siberia from 2011 to 2015. We compared growth and development indicators of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Irgina variety) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Acha variety) where seeds were treated with Bacillus cereus and two strains of Pseudomonas. The results showed that the inoculation increased the grain yield by 0.2-1.0 t ha −1 for spring wheat and by 0.3-1.8 t ha −1 for barley. In addition, the prevalence of the disease in spring wheat plants was significantly reduced from 18.1-61.1% in the control plots to 6.4-50.2% in the inoculated plots. Similarly, the index of root rot development decreased from 18.2-23.0% in the control plots to 13.2-15.8% in the inoculated plots. To understand the mechanism that induces the spring wheat resistance to fungal root rots under the influence of rhizobacteria, we investigated the effect on the guaiacol-dependent peroxidase activity. There was an inverse relationship between the peroxidase activity in wheat tissues and damage of plants caused by root rot agents indicating that the response of peroxidase enzymes to plant inoculation is a meaningful indicator that can be used to assess the potential of a particular strain as a biological agent for protecting spring wheat.

We studied the efficiency of water treatment by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu), as well as a possibility of using water hyacinth biomass obtained during treatment for vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida and the vermicompost quality in a model experiment. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the trials with water hyacinth decreased within 35 days. We introduced water hyacinth biomass to the organic substrate for vermicomposting, which promoted a significant weight gain of earthworms and growth in their number, as well as a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in coprolite production. In the trial with 40 % of Eichhornia biomass in the mixture, we observed a 26-fold increase in the number and a 16-fold weight gain of big mature individuals with clitellum; an increase in the number of small individuals 40 times and in the number of cocoons 140 times, as compared to the initial substrate. The utilization of water hyacinth biomass containing heavy metals in the mixture led to a 10-fold increase in the number of adult individuals and cocoons, which was higher than in control. We found out that adding 10 % of Eichhornia biomass to the initial mixture affected slightly the number of microorganisms and their species diversity in the vermicompost. Adding Eichhornia biomass with heavy metals reduced the total number of microorganisms and sharply diminished their species diversity. In all trials, adding water hyacinth in the mixture for vermicomposting had a positive impact on wheat biometric parameters in a 14-day laboratory experiment, even in the trial with heavy metals.

The research presents quantitative estimates of the decomposition rate of plant residues at the initial stages of the decay of four plant species (Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex rostrata, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum angustifolium) in peat deposits of the oligotrophic bogs in the southern taiga subzone of Western Siberia. We also studied the change in the content of total carbon, nitrogen and ash elements in plant residues and the activity of microflora at the initial stages of decomposition. The studies were conducted in the bogs characterized by various hydrothermal conditions. At the initial stage of the decay of peat-forming plants the maximum losses of mass occur in the first month of the experiment and reach 36-52% of the total loss of organic matter during the growing season. Sphagnum fuscum is the most resistant to decomposition. The most intense decomposition of Sphagnum fuscum at the initial stages of decomposition is characteristic for warmer and less humid conditions of the Timiryazevskoe bog. It was revealed that mass losses of organic matter correlate well with total carbon losses. The most intensive decreasing of the total carbon content as well as mass loss of organic matter are observed after the first month of the experiment. The maximal decline of carbon in plant residues was received for Eriophorum vaginatum. During the decomposition of plant residues, the nitrogen content was decreasing, and the most intense nitrogen losses were characteristic for Sphagnum mosses. Nitrogen loss in peat-forming plants during the first month of decomposition varies depending on the locality conditions, but it becomes equal during the later decomposition stages. At the first stages of decomposition of plant residues, both the accumulation and the loss of ash elements were observed in the samples. Both the Bakcharskoe and Timiryazevskoe bogs were characterized by the accumulation of ash elements in plant samples of Eriophorum vaginatum. Dynamics of mass loss and removal of elements are directly related to the activity of microorganisms. The maximum number of microorganisms was found in July and September. Peat and plant samples located in the peat deposit of the Timiryazevskoe bog are more saturated with microorganisms of the nitrogen cycle, and samples from the Bakcharskoe bog are richer in carbon cycle microorganisms. Microorganisms of the lignocellulosic complex were less active as compared with other groups of microorganisms. The number of microorganisms assimilating the mineral forms of nitrogen are on average 1.5 times less than the number of microorganisms assimilating the organic forms. The positive correlation between the nitrogen content and the number of fungi was found. In addition, correlation between the numbers of denitrifiers and oligotrophs was found. It is explained by trophic relationshipsbetween these groups of microorganisms.

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