The article reflects the study of the influence of climatic and seasonal factors on the body of people of middle, elderly and senile age. These factors significantly aggravate the course of many diseases, worsen health and reduce the body's performance. The incidence of cardiovascular disease is often associated with risk factors and seasons. Most people aged 65 years and older often suffer from hypertension. With age, the number of such patients increases significantly. Severe hypertension is rare in humans because patients with hypertension do not live to an advanced age or often develop complications. Changing seasonal factors requires great attention to the functional state of the cardiovascular system. Patients with hypertension are very difficult to adapt to changing weather conditions, which worsens the quality of life of the elderly and leads to various complications. Changes in blood pressure in people of middle, elderly and senile age depending on the season of the year have been established.
The article presents the results of a clinical analysis of the registered incidence of anthrax in the South of Kyrgyzstan. A pronounced tendency towards an increase in the incidence of anthrax with a wide distribution in disadvantaged stationary points of anthrax foci is shown. Despite the ongoing anti-epidemic and preventive measures, cases of the disease are registered annually among the population, mainly in the endemic territories of the republic. Anthrax in Kyrgyzstan among animals has been officially registered since ancient times, people are often involved in the epizootic cycle, among which the epidemic process is manifested by sporadic morbidity or a group outbreak of infection. The Kyrgyz Republic belongs to a permanently unfavorable region in terms of anthrax. At the same time, in the conditions of the south of Kyrgyzstan, as a result of natural disasters, many anthrax foci were washed away by mudflows, destroyed, lost, some of them remained on the territory of private property. Despite significant achievements in the study of the etiology, epidemiology, clinic, immunology, and prevention of anthrax, many theoretical and practical aspects of this set of tasks remain insufficiently studied, especially at the regional level. Significant changes in the living conditions of people, forms of management, uncontrolled slaughter of animals, imperfection in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this disease determine the relevance of studying anthrax in humans in modern conditions.
This review, prepared on the basis of WHO materials and from medical websites, and monographs by domestic and foreign researchers, provides information on cases of infection of humans and animals with anthrax in the world. The epidemiological situation for this especially dangerous infection remains quite complicated and is assessed as tense and does not tend to stabilize due to the existence of soil foci, which manifest themselves for many years as periodic outbreaks among farm animals and people. Cutaneous anthrax is an extremely preventable disease, yet still accounts for 95% of all anthrax cases, and has left many regions endemic. The objectives of this study was to review published outbreak investigations for cutaneous anthrax, while examining the current and new risk factors, as well as the present control measures and their effectiveness at preventing future outbreaks. A literature search of articles was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and New England Journal of Medicine, website of WHO, (HAW HamburgLibrary). Articles in English and pertaining to human subjects only, were retrieved. Seven articles included in this study examined sources of outbreak for cutaneous anthrax, investigated suspected cases using clinical diagnosis and surveys, and evaluated current control measures. Three studies reported relative risk, suggesting there is a likely association between butchering sick animals and infection. Further findings suggested a correlation between an individual's socioeconomic status and the likelihood of contracting anthrax. Additionally, the quality of livestock in the area can have a cyclical nature on cutaneous anthrax infections among humans. The cumulative evidence concludes that an improvement of surveillance and control measures is needed in endemic regions, and future investigation of new risk factors is required. Anthrax is a highly dangerous zoonotic infectious disease, the causative agent of which is the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which belongs to the pathogenicity group II. Almost all types of warm-blooded animals, including humans, are susceptible to anthrax. For herbivores, the source of infection is soil containing B. anthracis spores. The high resistance of anthrax spores to environmental factors, the ability to persist in the soil for a long time, and under certain conditions to pass into a vegetative form, makes the fight against this infection an extremely difficult task for medicine and veterinary medicine. A person becomes infected by household contact from contaminated objects of animal origin, and from 2,000 to 20,000 people fall ill every year in the world. Although anthrax is well controlled in the developed countries, anthrax remains of a global concern because B. anthracis spores can potentially be used as a biological weapon. On the other hand, some local anthrax outbreak has been recorded in western countries. For example, a case of naturallyacquired inhalation anthrax was reported in London, 2008 and another case was recorded in Scotland in 2006. Both cases were bongo drummers/drum makers who used imported animal hides. As of 14 January 2010, a total of 14 con- firmed cases of anthrax infection in Scotland were reported and 7 of these died. All cases were heroin user. Possible source of infection is said that heroin is transported in animal skin. In developed countries, there is also an infection risk after contact with a commercial product prepared from inadequately treated wool or leather. Products made from contaminated hair (e.g. shaving brush, wool coat), skins (e.g. drums, drumheads made from animal skin), and bone meal (e.g. fertilizer) may continue to be sources of infection for many years. A review of the epidemiological situation on anthrax in the world for 2021 was carried out. In Kyrgyzstan, eight cases of human infection with the cutaneous form of anthrax were registered in the Suzak district of the Jalal-Abad region and 7 cases in the Aksy district. Epizootics of anthrax among farm and wild animals have been identified mainly in the countries of Central Asia, with the largest number of confirmed human cases detected in Kyrgyzstan. Infection of people with the causative agent of anthrax is associated primarily with the ingestion of the meat of sick and dead anthrax animals, contact with animals during forced slaughter, skinning, and processing of contaminated meat. The level of incidence of anthrax in the territory of Kyrgyzstan in 2021 will be determined by a set of planned volumes of preventive measures and, subject to their proper implementation, will be limited to the detection of sporadic cases of infection that are potentially possible within certain regions of Kyrgyzstan.
The strategic objective of healthcare is to ensure the quality of medical care and create a safe environment for patients and staff in organizations engaged in medical activities. Infections associated with the provision of medical care are the most important component of this problem due to the widespread negative consequences for the health of patients, staff and the economy of the state. Currently, the problem of prevention and control of infections associated with the provision of medical care remains relevant, because reflects the quality of medical care provided to the population and causes significant economic damage to the country’s healthcare. Infections associated with the provision of medical care is a term for a group of infections, which displays a modern understanding of hospital-acquired infections in accordance with international approaches. The general criterion for classifying infections as infections related to medical care is that their occurrence is associated with the provision of medical care (treatment, diagnosis, prevention, etc.). The largest number of healthcare-associated infections in Kyrgyzstan is registered annually in maternity hospitals and accounts for 33.0% of all cases of this group of infections. As before, the risk of infection with hospital strains of microorganisms remains high in the departments of newborns and premature infants, intensive care units and intensive care units, and according to official statistics, the frequency of healthcare-associated infections in newborns is 16.8%. According to selective studies, the true incidence of infections associated with medical care in maternity institutions is several times higher than the officially registered one, cases of concealing cases of morbidity among newborns and maternity hospitals are not uncommon.
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