Introduction Central venous cannulation is crucial in the management of the critical care patient. This study was designed to evaluate whether real-time ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein is superior to the standard landmark method.
The authors and a large group of experts have agreed a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.
Objectives: Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of the anatomy of superficial and perforating veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging. Design: Consensus conference leading to a consensus document. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on duplex anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs. Afterwards, they invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the authors and the experts (text and images) were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at the UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA, in August 2003. Following this meeting, a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed on the final version of the paper. Results: The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document provides a detailed methodology for complete ultrasound assessment of the anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins in the lower limbs. Conclusions: The authors and a large group of experts have agreed on a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system, by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.
Objectives: Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging. Design: Consensus conference leading to a consensus document. Methods: The authors invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the experts were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at a UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA, in August 2003. Following this meeting, a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants, and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed on a final version of the paper. Results: The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination, as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document suggests a methodology for complete assessment of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs, including recommendations on reporting results and training of personnel involved in these investigations. Conclusions: The authors and a large group of experts have agreed a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system by duplex ultrasonography.
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