The research developed was based on the design and optimization of a storm drainage network, with the objective of finding solutions to possible flooding events. For this purpose, three study areas of different topographic conditions were defined in the city of San Jose de Cucuta, Colombia, with an extension of 16.82 ha (high slope zone), 12.85 ha (medium slope zone) and 12. 10 ha (low slope zone); subsequently, a storm drainage network was designed for each of the study areas based on the current specifications of Colombian standards; the storm drainage network was modeled using the storm water management model software of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America, a cost-benefit comparison was developed for the two alternatives. At the conclusion of the investigation, it was found that by elaborating the cost structure for the different conditions from both the initial and optimized designs, a savings of 17.8% was obtained in the high slope, 22.4% in the medium slope and 24.6% in the low slope, mainly in activities such as excavation and pipe diameters.

Los flujos de avalanchas son fenómenos naturales ocasionados por una erosión, un desprendimiento o la inestabilidad de un material depositado en el manto o corteza terrestre, causando grandes pérdidas debido a su poder destructivo siendo uno de los desastres naturales que más vidas ha cobrado, como en las áreas Andinas de Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, y Venezuela las cuales están entre las zonas más afectadas por esta clase de sucesos; es por esta razón, que existe la importancia de conocer los tipos de flujo que amenazan determinados sectores, y de esta manera poder implementar un sistema de disipación que se ajuste a sus características. El presente trabajo resume los tipos de flujos de avalanchas y los sistemas de mitigación y disipación de energía utilizados para contener el flujo y así alcanzar un menor impacto por parte del fenómeno, teniendo como base los resultados de búsqueda obtenidos a través de una recopilación bibliográfica extraídos de documentos investigativos como libros, proyectos de grado, artículos científicos, bases de suscripción y de libre acceso. Finalmente, s analiza cuáles son los dispositivos más eficientes e implementados a nivel internacional y nacional con respuestas favorables a los tipos de flujos más concurridos pertenecientes a las catástrofes que causan la remoción en masa de los diferentes sedimentos.

Physics includes the study and investigation of the phases that make up the hydrological cycle, including the estimation of flow rates in river basins, most of which are not instrumented, i.e., they lack historical records of circulating flows. For this situation, the application of hydrological models can allow flow estimates to be made. In the Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia, some watersheds do not have instrumentation for flow measurement or hydrological modeling methodologies appropriate to the site. Therefore, methods such as the modified rational model of Teméz are used, even without knowing the relevance of its applicability to the site conditions. Consequently, for the present research, the Teméz model was validated in watersheds of the Norte de Santander Department to estimate the values of extreme flows with a return period of 100 years. In this sense, 11 watersheds were selected, which contained historical rainfall data greater than 20 years and a drainage network of fewer than 1000 Km2. It was found that the Teméz model overestimates the real flows of the 11 hydrological basins, where the climatological parameters used in the application of the Fhrüling factor and its statistical verification using multivariate regression did not achieve an acceptable correlation.

Estimating the amount of flow carried by the sanitary sewer system in a locality is essential for the design of new facilities. Having a record of the flow rates allows the adequate hydraulic design of a drainage system. The objective of this work is to determine the physical parameters for the estimation of the return coefficient that allows estimating the flow rates for the sanitary sewer of the La Chivera watershed, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. In this sense, dry weather monitoring of the wastewater in the study area was carried out. The data collected in the field were used to construct the hourly flow variation curve or inflow hydrograph in the drainage system. The average hourly flow parameters were estimated with a value of 205.7 m3/h, a value recorded at the 11th hour of the day. Similarly, the average daily flow was determined with a value of 180.3 m3/h, while the maximum peak factor was 1.14. Finally, through the physical parameters of the sanitary sewer, the return coefficient was determined, which is 0.72, a value that represents the conditions of the study area.

Water supply and distribution are an important design criterion in building construction. For this it is necessary to make an analysis of hydraulic networks, which is generally done through conventional methods based on iterative processes in spreadsheets. However, the Epanet 2.0 software can serve as an analysis method through simulation that is not currently considered for these applications, while such software is not a conventional method, it holds the possibility of being a model which through physical controls can serve as a simulator for hydraulic networks with the hypothesis that it can optimize costs and solution times. Therefore, the research has as purpose the application of physical controls for the analysis of the hydraulic networks in buildings by means of the software. For this reason, a design of the hydraulic network calculated by the modified Hunter model was executed and compared with the simulation in the software. The results obtained from the study demonstrated effectiveness of the software with a minimum percentage of error (0.24% to 1.06%) from one method to another, achieving to optimize calculation times and the economy of designs.

The integration of mathematical models allows the simulation of the spatiotemporal behavior of water quality parameters of a river. The representation of reality and different scenarios through simulation makes it possible to know the variations in water quality of a receiving water source associated with liquid discharges. Therefore, for this study, the mathematical model QUAL2K was applied to simulate the water quality of the Magdalena River in the section that crosses the city of Barrancabermeja, Colombia. For this purpose, a database of hydro-climatological records from 1977 to 2020 was used. Among the analyses, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand were considered as water quality parameters. As a result of the initial data processing of the distribution tests and Kolmogorov goodness of fit, the best fit with the normal distribution was obtained for the estimation of flow rates. The concentrations of the water quality parameters dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand were represented in the mathematical model, which shows the dilution capacity of the pollutant loads of the wastewater, due to the high flow of the Magdalena River in the study section.

The design and operation of sanitary sewerage systems are based on the knowledge of peak and the average daily wastewater flows. The maximum peak factor is obtained through the ratio of the maximum flow and the average discharge flow of wastewater generated in a system. In this sense, the maximum peak factor was estimated by monitoring wastewater flow in an urban sector of the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. This urban sector represents 45.6% of the sanitary sewerage of the city. Stochastic modeling of the peak flow was performed, and a mathematical model was constructed to estimate the maximum peak factor using a correlational study using statistical methodology. Through linear regression analysis, a model was obtained that estimates the value of the maximum peaking factor based on knowledge of the average daily wastewater flow. The results indicate that the model is potential, and the expression is statistically significant and satisfies the assumptions established for the classical linear regression model.

The combustion of coal in Hoffman-type furnaces generates ash as one of the process residues. This research seeks to make use of this residue to improve plastic subgrade soils in tertiary roads, considering that in Colombia a large percentage of these are not paved. A soil with high plasticity has been selected to make mixtures with ash dosages that vary from 0% to 15% with respect to the dry weight of the soil. To determine the variation of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil-ash mixtures tests of consistency limits, compaction tests, and California bearing ratio were carried out. The results showed that the mixture in which 12% of the coal combustion residue is added to the soil, as a percentage for the dry weight of the soil, has a better physical behavior and bearing capacity than the soil in its natural state. obtaining an increase of up to 75% in the California bearing ratio.