Introduction. Selective work directed at increasing the stock of domestic Simmentals beef of production type began in 1990 year with the use in the mating campaign purebred German, Austrian and American bulls and their sperm production. To 2000 year on the basis of breeding enterprises freezed for storage and use more than million doses of semen of beef Simmentals from 116 sires. Elaborated the target standards for animals of the desirable type of Ukrainian Simmental beef breed. However, with the reduction of state regulation of the breed structure in the cattle breeding of Ukraine, the process of breed testing slowed down. Thus, topicality acquire the researches features of the formation of the created Simmental beef breed for definition the prospects for its further development. The purpose of this work was to analyze the dynamics of the number of the created Simmental beef breed of cattle during of 20 years and its modern state. Research materials and methods. The analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the stock was carried out based on the data of a comprehensive individual rating of cattle beef breeds. The analysis of the use of bulls for the reproduction of breeding stock was carried out according to the Catalogs of bulls of beef breeds and types of breeding enterprises of Ukraine for the reproduction of breeding stock in 2002–2021 years. The materials were analyzed by the methods of variational statistics using the standard package of programs the Microsoft Excel. Research results. In 01.01.2001 year the statuses of subjects breeding business in animal husbandry for the breeding the Simmental beef breed confirmed 7 farms in 5 regions of Ukraine. Since 2004 year rapidly increase the number of agricultural enterprises and, accordingly, the number of stock. The peak values of the number of farms were marked in 2007 and 2008 years. The structure of enterprises as 1 of January 2007 year of the number of cows was following: 47% enterprises with the number of breeding stock more than 100 heads; 25% of enterprises – up to 50 heads; 19% – up to 100 heads and only 9% of enterprises with the number of cows more than 200 heads. In accordance with the change number of breeding stock, also changed the load of bulls during natural mating. Over the years, the maximum number of certified live sires reached 50 heads. Accordingly, the load on one sire per mating campaign fluctuated from 34 cows in 2017 year to 104 – in 2003 year. But practically, the loading pressure was smoothed partially due to artificial insemination and the use of live sires of other breeds, such us Limousin, Aberdeen Angus – for ease of calving. Practical work directed at the breeding of the Ukrainian Simmental beef breed provided the constant functioning of breeding enterprises for the evaluation of bulls and the accumulation of sperm production from the best sires. The highest number of sperm production was marked from 2008 to 2011 years. Since 2012 year systematically decrease the number of genetic material and in 2015 year it was minimal. According to the materials prepared for the approbation of the Simmental beef breed, the genealogical structure is represented by 6 lines: Abricot 58311, Achilles 369, Metz 529019743, Honig 005230191, Streiter 015920791 and Zabavny 1142 and 19 families. However, the low dynamics of the movement of genetic material due to the productive use of sires more than 6 years and the reduction of basic farms bring to the practical cessation of laying and formation of families and work with lines. Since 2015 year breeding the Simmental beef breed engaged 4 enterprises with an average annual breeding stock of more than 100 cows. The effectiveness of the activity of subjects breeding business in animal husbandry is determined by the parameters of production and economic activity, a constituent element of which are quantitative indicators of the realization of genetic resources. Analyzing the level of operations of purchase-sale of breeding animals of the Simmental beef breed for 20 years, marked an annual predominance volumes of realization over volumes of acquisition. Exception are the indicators of 2004 and 2006 years, in which the purchase of breeding young prevailed the level of sales. Conclusions. Statistical analysis confirms the importance of state regulation on the development of specific breeds in agricultural enterprises. The working mechanism of state subsidies and the regulatory influence on the volume and direction of export-import operations ensured a progressive movement towards increasing the stock of the Simmental beef breed. The decrease in the influence of the state on the functioning of the internal market products of cattle breeding has led to a reduction farms breeding this breed and a general decrease in selection parameters among the available stock. Due to the absence of investment attractiveness to beef cattle breeding in general and to the Simmental breed in particular decreases the possibility of its approbation as a new selective achievement of Ukraine.
Introduction. In 1997, Valeriy P. Burkat proposed by one of the methodological and organizational approaches to creating Simmental Beef cattle, to launch a series of experiments to study effectiveness of Simmental crossing with other breeds and to study the best combination for interbreed industrial crossing. The studies of comparative determination of meat quality at crossing of Simmental with specialized beef breeds found that these hybrids were well fattening and they had highly meat productivity. The methods of studying fattening and meat qualities of cattle recommend to conduct slaughtering and processing animals at meat processing plants, because under these conditions the standards for assessing meat productivity of animals and quality of their carcasses can be followed exactly. Compliance with instructions, recommendation for processing animal carcasses under such conditions and obtaining research results will be comparable with the slaughter of animals of different breeds, because all technological methods and sampling are conducted by specialists. General rules for testing laboratories for determination of quality parameters of agricultural raw materials and products under market conditions require the following: availability of specialists, a plan of sampling and the fastest transportation of them to place of laboratory testing, determination of research methods and conducting specific research, identified according to program (task) with followed analysis. Materials and methods. Experimental samples were the longest back muscle sampled from refrigerated right half-carcasses of bull-calves at the age of 12 months and 16 months. The animals were obtained from Black-and-White cows (BW) and bulls of Ukrainian Beef (UB), Volyn Beef (VB), Polesian Beef (PB), Simmental (S) breeds, grown in "Polesia", Ovruch district, Zhytomyr region. The control slaughter of experimental animals, followed deboned half-carcasses, was conducted by experts of Ovruch slaughterhouse, Zhytomyr region. The samples of the longest back muscle were taken at 9-12 ribs of refrigerated half-carcasses of clinically healthy bull-calves. The samples of muscle were labelled and fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, cross sections were obtained using freezing microtome, histological specimens were produced by the method of colouring the muscle fat, performing a series of research works to enhance and improve existing methods for obtaining excellent results. Microscopy, morphometry and microscopic photography of histological sections of the longest back muscle were carried out using biological research microscope (MBI-6), division of muscular fibers by their size was conducted via ocular grid. Analysis of research results was statistically processed on a PC. Results. Based on the results of the experiment the higher live weight before slaughter was at bull-calves obtained from crossing with Simmental and Polesian Beef bulls, 304 kg and 285 kg, respectively in these groups, which was 53 kg and 72 kg more compared with animals of the same age of Black-and-White dairy breed. It is obvious that the formation of meat productivity from early age is associated with belonging to breed, specific soil and climatic and economic conditions at that time. All the cross-breeds of the research groups had better live weight before slaughter and weight of pair and chilled carcasses. But the greatest bone weight had animals of the same age of two research groups – ½PB½BW and ½UB½BW, respectively 16,8 kg and 15,8 kg. It is because of blood of Charolais bulls and consolidated trait of angularity during the selection. The highest live weight before slaughter had half-blooded genotypes with Simmental and Polesian Beef – 354 and 343 kg; it was slightly below compared with the target breed standard. The largest weight of pair carcasses had genotypes ½S½BW and ½PM½BW – 194 ± 6,2 and 193 ± 5,0 kg, the highest meatiness index had Volyn Beef counterparts at the level of 4.3 units. Medium muscle fibers (21-40mkm) had the highest share, from 72.4 to 43.6%, at the investigated bull-calves at the age of 12 months. Morphological structure of muscle of bulls at 16 months of age showed that average diameter of fine fibers at the animals of meat productivity was greater – 18.1mkm in combination with Simmental, 18.3 and 18.5 mkm – with Ukrainian and Polesian Beef against 17,9 mkm – at the counterparts of Black-and-White breed. The share of fine fibers was very high (15.3%) at the bull-calves of genotype with Ukrainian Beef against 7.3% and 7.2% – with Polesian Beef and Simmental. Some fat deposition and the small number of fat cells, located mainly around blood vessels, were observed in the longest back muscle of Black-and-White dairy bull-calves at the age of 12 months. Such changes in the number of fibers and size of their diameters, to some extent, affect the quantitative (meatiness index) and qualitative (the number of intramuscular fat) productivity characteristics of the investigated animals. Conclusions. Trend towards more intense growth and accumulation of muscle and fat was revealed at the researched bull-calves of meat productivity. Formation of economically useful traits on meat productivity of bull-calves depends on age, breed, genotypic and phenotypic factors. The results of histological studies indicate that internal structure of the longest back muscle and the ratio of different types of muscle fibers (thin, medium, thick), show breed and age features of meat productivity formation at bull-calves.
The main results of the formation of meat productivity of semi-blooded simmentals of domestic and foreign breeding, grown in the same conditions in Zhytomyr oblast in year 2000 (histochemistry of the longest muscle of the bull-calves) and 18-month old bull-calves grown under the same conditions of feeding and keeping in the Farm LLC "Batkivschyna" and nd. a. Shevchenko Chernihiv oblast of Ukraine in 2008. The results of the control slaughter and the results of the development of frozen-defrosted half-goose bull-calves genotypes of the simmentals of domestic and foreign breeding in the production conditions of Bakhmach meat-processing enterprise LLC "Bakhmachmyaso", Chernihiv oblast in Ukraine were analyzed. According to the control slaughter of experimental bull-calves of different breeding, it was found that the most premature live weight (397 ± 10.1 kg) had semi-blooded bull-calves of American selection against the analogues of the Simmental domestic breed and hemispheric breeds with Austrian breeding simulants -384 ± 2.6 and 386 ± 3.6 kg, which is 3.3% and 3.8% less, respectively. When the carcasses came out, the bull-calves of the domestic Simmental breed were the best. Thus, according to this indicator, their advantage was from + 0.8% (Austrian genotypes) to +3.0% (American domains). According to the results of the organoleptic assessment, the indicators for assessing the quality of boiled and roasted meat samples taken from the semicircular semicircular breed combination with American simmentals, respectively, were 9.7 and 8.6 points and semicircular genotypes with German selections respectively – 9.5 and 10.4 balls of boiled and roasted meat of experimental samples. According to the score, the best flavors of meat broth were determined in samples of meat, selected from half hemisphere of semi-blooded bull-calves of the men-anjou breed: 15.6 balls. At the same time, some regularity of the higher evaluation indicators of the quality of meat broth is determined, which is explained by the transition of nutrients, intramuscular fat, biologically active substances, from muscle fibers to water, which in the process of cooking creates taste, aroma and richness of broth. The microphotography of histochemical studies of fat formation in the longest muscle of the back of the 18-month-old bull-calves, semi-blood genotypes with the breed of semental of domestic breeding is presented. The results of histological and histochemical studies of intramuscular fat deposits on the histological sections of the longest muscle of the back of the bull-calves of different genotypes and age, are presented in microphotographs (intramuscular fat is colored in light orange color). In the longest muscle of the bull-calves of the Black-and-White diary breed of the 12-month-old age, there is an insignificant deposition of interstitial fat and fat cells, which are located mainly in the blood vessels.
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