A study was conducted on the puncture resistance of high-strength nonwoven natural rubber latex (NRL)-coated fabrics. High strength unidirectional (UD) polyethylene fabrics were coated using single dipping (SD), double dipping (DD), and triple dipping (TD) methods. The puncture resistance of the uncoated and coated fabrics was determined by measuring the force needed to penetrate the fabrics using a blunt probe. The mechanisms and modes of deformation involved during penetration were observed as well. In comparison with the uncoated fabrics, the SD, DD, and TD NRL coated fabrics gave higher puncture resistance of 39%, 47%, and 62%, respectively. The increments of the penetration force were proportional with the increase in the NRL-coated fabric thickness. For the uncoated fabric, the force given by the probe resulted in yarns stretching and yarn slippage upon penetration. However, the NRL-coated fabrics were not severely damaged but resulted in a curvature formed at the frontface of the fabric with minimal backface deformation. From the observations, the modes of failure were similar among the NRL-coated fabrics, that is, fiber stretching, delamination of NRL layer, and stretch marks on the fabric surface. The NRL layer acted as a protective sheath and increases the energy absorption and elasticity characteristics of the UD fabric.
The COVID-19 crisis has become the most intense and long-lasting in aviation history. There is significant literature on the immediate impact of the outbreak, as well as speculation on the industry’s future evolution. This paper seeks to contribute to this discussion by examining flying patterns among Malaysian airline passengers and whether they are willing to contribute to carbon offset when flying during and post COVID-19. Specifically, the paper aims to measure the Malaysian airline passengers’ travel behavior during and after COVID-19 in Malaysia and whether the traveling behavior will impact passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset when flying. Many airlines recognize the importance of environmental protection. The airlines implement several environment-friendly activities related to in-flight services and wish to trigger passengers’ support and inquire about their preferences. Using an online survey, 150 respondents completed the survey as the sample for this study. The majority (77%) reported their travel behavior would change due to current cases of COVID-19 and the main reason is that COVID-19 worries them and will kill the patient if not prevented. Even though Malaysian traveling behavior has changed, they are still willing to pay for carbon offset as 69% of respondents are still willing to contribute. The findings have important implications for air transport management and decision-makers to tolerate the traveling behavior among Malaysian passengers and how they will support Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 13 (Climate Action), contributing to carbon offset.
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