Introduction: Anxiety and depression are prevalent during pregnancy. Estimates of the prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy vary according to the criteria used, variable methodologies and population characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used. A total of 175 antenatal mothers participated. Their socio-demographic and obstetric histories were recorded. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) were used. Results: The prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders among antenatal mothers using diagnostic clinical interview were 9.1% and 8.6%, respectively. Factors associated with antenatal anxiety were marital status (being unmarried), positive history of mental illness, gestational age (<20 weeks), unplanned pregnancy and depressive comorbidity. However, only gestational age of less than 20 weeks and depressive disorder remained significant factors in the multivariate analysis. Discussion: The prevalence rate of antenatal depression detected by HADS screening was comparable to the rate from diagnostic interview, but there was a slight overestimation for antenatal anxiety. Nonetheless, HADS as a screening tool offers a practical solution for detecting these two conditions in a busy antenatal clinic or a large epidemiological survey. In view of the deleterious effects of antenatal anxiety and depression on mothers and children, these two conditions should be screened and managed appropriately.
The COVID-19 crisis has become the most intense and long-lasting in aviation history. There is significant literature on the immediate impact of the outbreak, as well as speculation on the industry’s future evolution. This paper seeks to contribute to this discussion by examining flying patterns among Malaysian airline passengers and whether they are willing to contribute to carbon offset when flying during and post COVID-19. Specifically, the paper aims to measure the Malaysian airline passengers’ travel behavior during and after COVID-19 in Malaysia and whether the traveling behavior will impact passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset when flying. Many airlines recognize the importance of environmental protection. The airlines implement several environment-friendly activities related to in-flight services and wish to trigger passengers’ support and inquire about their preferences. Using an online survey, 150 respondents completed the survey as the sample for this study. The majority (77%) reported their travel behavior would change due to current cases of COVID-19 and the main reason is that COVID-19 worries them and will kill the patient if not prevented. Even though Malaysian traveling behavior has changed, they are still willing to pay for carbon offset as 69% of respondents are still willing to contribute. The findings have important implications for air transport management and decision-makers to tolerate the traveling behavior among Malaysian passengers and how they will support Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 13 (Climate Action), contributing to carbon offset.
Airline industries have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread to nearly every country worldwide. Multiple countries have imposed travel restrictions to halt this virus’s spread. This precarious situation has significantly impacted the airline industry, reducing passenger volume, flight frequency, and airline flow patterns. Although most scholars have examined changes in passenger volume before and during the COVID-19 outbreak, none of it has been done in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on airline passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset decisions and the value of willingness to pay among Malaysians. The research employed a scenario-based experiment with 150 respondents as the samples. Convenience sampling was adopted and was analyzed using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) via STATA version 16. The results showed that Malaysian airline passengers are willing to pay for carbon offset even as many have stopped flying due to COVID-19, with a mean value of RM20.68. This study also revealed that most passengers are still aware of climate change, even though not many are flying during the endemic. The psychological changes in air travelers caused by the pandemic are examined, with managerial and policy implications for the pandemic’s normalization of the pandemic and the airline market’s recovery in the post-pandemic period.
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