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A ®ber optic biomass probe for on-line measurement of biomass concentration was designed.

A survey of immobilization techniques with special emphasis on alginate entrapment and micro hollow spheres is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of immobilization are discussed. Industrial applications of immobilization are demonstrated, especially biosensors and production of acrylamide. The fundamentals of bioprocesses with reduced water content and application as well as process examples are presented.

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An analysis of the indications/vaccines the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) worked on in the period 01.01.2015 to 30.06.2022 allows a comparison of the average quantity by number and intensity between the pre-pandemic years 2015 to 2019 and the pandemic years 2020 and 2021. It turned out that the activity of the STIKO in 2020 and especially in 2021 was massively dominated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The STIKO needed to focus on COVID-19, and the work on other indications decreased. The pandemic is a challenge for STIKO as a volunteer body. As a success-critical infrastructure of pandemic management, STIKO should be structurally prepared to deal with future pandemics. For this purpose, the creation of a crisis response reserve is proposed, which can be activated temporarily in case of overload in order to reinforce and relieve the regular members. When activated, staff support from the RKI should be increased to the same extent.