T he present study deals with the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble carbamazepine by the direct compression technique with β-cyclodextrin complexes using various super disintegrants like Indion-414, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate. Carbamazepine is used to control different types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy. Poor solubility in biological fluids is the major problem with this drug as also its poor bioavailability after oral administration. The rate of absorption and/or the extent of bioavailability for such a poor soluble drug is controlled by rate of dissolution in gastrointestinal fluids. Hence, to enhance the solubility of the drug, a complex of carbamazepine was prepared with β-cyclodextrin and this complex was compressed into tablets. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, weight variation, disintegrating time, wetting time, in vitro dissolution studies, etc. The prepared tablets were characterized by DSC, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and stability studies. The different formulations showed disintegration times between the ranges of 26.86 and 58.54 s. Drug release showed time between the ranges of 4 and 12 min. Among all the formulations, B8 showed 99.89% drug release within 4 min. Thus, B8 was considered as the best among the other formulations. No chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients was confirmed by DSC and FTIR studies. The stability study was conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable, with insignificant changes in hardness, drug content and disintegration time. These results revealed that fast dissolving tablets of the poorly soluble drug, carbamazepine, showing enhanced dissolution and, hence, better patient compliance.
S albutamol sulfate microcapsules with a coat consisting of sodium alginate and mucoadhesive polymer such as sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), methyl cellulose (MC), carbopol-934, and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique and were evaluated for morphological characters, drug content, loading efficiency, drug-polymer interactions, swelling ratio, mucoadhesive properties, and in vitro release. The resulting microcapsules were discrete, spherical, and free-flowing, and microencapsulation efficiency was 51.28-96.70%. The microcapsules prepared with alginate alone (A4) have exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro washoff test. The swelling ratio of microcapsules was enhanced with increased alginate concentration. Salbutamol sulfate release from these mucoadhesive microcapsules was slow and extended over a period of 8 h and depends upon the concentration of the alginate. The drug release from alginate-HPMC/carbopol microcapsules followed diffusion-controlled first-order kinetics. The release rate of alginate-HPMC microcapsules (A4H) was higher than other formulations and comparable with commercially available controlled-release capsules. Microcapsules with alginate alone (A4) followed diffusion mechanism. In conclusion, alginate-HPMC/carbopol mucoadhesive microcapsules could be promising vehicle for oral controlled release of salbutamol sulfate.
Background: Fungal infections have become a worldwide problem due to their involvement in numerous diseases. The risk factors for fungal infections are multiple surgeries, transplant therapies, frequent administration of antibiotics, cancer treatments, and prosthetic devices. The problem of resistance in fungi against drug therapies is widespread, becoming a severe health-related problem. Objective: The study's objective was to identify molecular targets that may open new paths for fungal treatment. Methods: Several research and review articles were studied to gather information regarding the novel mechanism of antifungal drugs. However, identifying novel targets is challenging due to the similarities between host and fungal cells. Although, the plasma membrane and cell wall of fungus offer various drug targets that may target to fight against microbial infections. Unfortunately, biofilm formation and over-expression of protein are a few mechanisms through which fungi develop resistance. Results: Despite these problems, several approaches have been working to prevent and treat fungal infections. Modifying the chemical structure of antifungal drugs may also improve their activity and pharmacokinetics. In this review article, we have discussed the molecular targets and novel techniques to be used for the development of antifungal drugs. In addition, different strategies to overcome resistance in fungi have also been described. Conclusion: This article may be helpful for the researchers working on the discovery and development of new antifungal works for resistance to fungal diseases.
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