Salmonella is considered to be one of the major poultry bacterial pathogens. The poultry species are one of the main reservoirs for the human types, thus serving as public health hazards. The development of drug resistant genes and multidrug resistant types from Salmonella has increased recently. This current study was undertaken to estimate the correlation between extended spectrum beta-lactamase multidrug resistant (ESβL) Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers and their virulence genes. Two hundred and forty samples were collected from clinically diseased broilers chicks (showed disorders of the intestinal tract) and examined for the presence of Salmonella isolates according to ISO 6579: 2002 and ISO. 6579-3:2014 Fifty Salmonella isolates were isolated with an incidence of 20.8%. Isolates of Salmonella were serotyped as follows: 25 S. Kentucky, 9 S. Infantis, 6 S. Enteritidis, 4 S. Heidelberg, and one isolates per serovars S. Labadie, S. Typhi, S. Agona, S. Pullorum, S. Newport and S. Virginia. AST (antimicrobial susceptibility testing) showed that high percentage of isolates were resistant to all Ampicillin (90%), Nalidixic acid (88%), Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (82%) and Tetracycline (82%). Approximately 86% of the isolates demonstrated multiple resistance, of which 18.75% and 25% were resistant to three and four antimicrobial types, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESβLs by using screening test (Cefinase®) and confirmatory test by using combined disk diffusion test revealed that 32% of isolates were positive for both tests with 20% similarity and 12% diversity between the two tests. Molecular characterization of some ESβLs genes (blaTEM, blaCTX, blaOXA, blaCMY and blaSHV) and some virulence genes (invA, avrA, sopB, bcfC, stn (was done using PCR. The results showed that all the ESβLs positive serovars were positive for amplification of all tested virulence genes and noticed that all the isolates were negativefor blaCMY gene. The present study suggests that virulent ESβL Salmonella serovars could infect broilers and should be taken into consideration as an important bacterial pathogen affecting poultry.

No abstract

Background. Alopecia areata (AA) is, an organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by an aberrant expression of cytokines of the T helper 1 type. Tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a multifactorial cytokine that exerts a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, especially in cutaneous diseases. Aim. To estimate the serum level of TWEAK in AA and to correlate it with different parameters.Methods. This case-control study enrolled 40 patients with AA and 50 clinically healthy volunteers matched for age and sex. A blood sample (5 mL) was extracted from each participant for analysis of serum TWEAK levels by ELISA. Results. Levels of TWEAK were significantly higher in patients with AA (mean AE SD 213.7 AE 59.2 pg/mL, range 109.1-341.6 pg/mL) than in controls (95.97 AE 13.28 pg/mL, range 80.1-152.3 pg/mL) (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between serum TWEAK level and the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score (r = 0.56, P < 0.001). Conclusion. To our knowledge, this study highlights for the first time a possible link between higher serum TWEAK level and AA. Serum TWEAK level appears to reflect AA disease severity.

Two different techniques for the molecular typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to study the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa strains. Colonization with P. aeruginosa was studied by taking samples of human origin collected from urine, sputum samples of patients suffering from lung manifestations and patients exposed to third-degree burns. In addition, samples of animal origin were collected from mastitic milk and lung tissues of slaughtered calves and from the internal organs of diseased chickens. Typing of 18 isolates was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Computer-aided cluster analysis indicated that similar groups of related isolates were obtained by each method.