Correlation between ESβL Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Broilers and their Virulence Genes

Abstract

Salmonella is considered to be one of the major poultry bacterial pathogens. The poultry species are one of the main reservoirs for the human types, thus serving as public health hazards. The development of drug resistant genes and multidrug resistant types from Salmonella has increased recently. This current study was undertaken to estimate the correlation between extended spectrum beta-lactamase multidrug resistant (ESβL) Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers and their virulence genes. Two hundred and forty samples were collected from clinically diseased broilers chicks (showed disorders of the intestinal tract) and examined for the presence of Salmonella isolates according to ISO 6579: 2002 and ISO. 6579-3:2014 Fifty Salmonella isolates were isolated with an incidence of 20.8%. Isolates of Salmonella were serotyped as follows: 25 S. Kentucky, 9 S. Infantis, 6 S. Enteritidis, 4 S. Heidelberg, and one isolates per serovars S. Labadie, S. Typhi, S. Agona, S. Pullorum, S. Newport and S. Virginia. AST (antimicrobial susceptibility testing) showed that high percentage of isolates were resistant to all Ampicillin (90%), Nalidixic acid (88%), Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (82%) and Tetracycline (82%). Approximately 86% of the isolates demonstrated multiple resistance, of which 18.75% and 25% were resistant to three and four antimicrobial types, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESβLs by using screening test (Cefinase®) and confirmatory test by using combined disk diffusion test revealed that 32% of isolates were positive for both tests with 20% similarity and 12% diversity between the two tests. Molecular characterization of some ESβLs genes (blaTEM, blaCTX, blaOXA, blaCMY and blaSHV) and some virulence genes (invA, avrA, sopB, bcfC, stn (was done using PCR. The results showed that all the ESβLs positive serovars were positive for amplification of all tested virulence genes and noticed that all the isolates were negativefor blaCMY gene. The present study suggests that virulent ESβL Salmonella serovars could infect broilers and should be taken into consideration as an important bacterial pathogen affecting poultry.

Effect of Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus and Avian Pathogenic E. coli on H9N2-Vaccinated Commercial Broiler Chickens

“…There is a significant higher level of mortalities and clinical sickness rates between group infected with APEC O:157 via I/M route over per os route, respectively, and thus associate with the nature of the bacteria as applying the infection via the IM route to ensure the on spot onset of septicemic infection and developing the bacteremia directly and thus can associated with 80–100% mortalities as previously described, while applying the vaccine via oral route needs more time to develop septicemia and may not develop it in all birds as we keeping commercial broilers and may exposed to E.coli during the first 21 day of live in the farm without clear clinical picture and developing systemic infection, and the 5% and 15% mortalities in H9N2-non-vaccinated and H9N2-vaccinated groups, respectively, agreed with the previous report by El-Sawah et al ( 29 ), who reported that infection with APEC O:157 bacteria can associate with 5–25% mortalities in broiler chicks but needs 10–14 days following infection to give sufficient time to bacteria to adhere, colonize, and develop the systemic infections status ( 29 ), but the co-infection of APEC O:157 with H9N2 and the synergistic effect between them lead to develop the losses from day 7 post-infection in H92-non-vaccinated groups and reached to 15% mortalities by day 14 post-infection and 40% clinical sickness vs. 5% mortalities and 15% clinical sickness in H9N2-vaccinated groups in birds kept at BSL3 with negative pressure and filtrated air flow, which can explain in partial the higher losses in commercial farms due to the extra effect of in proper ventilation, over-crowdedness, co-infection with other pathogen or vaccine seed replications as previously described by Elfeil et al ( 34 ), who highlighted that the application the avian influenza and NDV vaccines in farms can associate with around 10–15% lower protection level in comparison with the laboratory conditions ( 30 , 34 , 35 ). The multidrug-resistant E. coli is a serious problem facing the poultry industry as previously reported ( 36 – 38 ). The results from this trial may explain in part the exaggerated effect of LPAIV-H9N2 infection in commercial broiler farms in the Middle East region as the co-infection of LPAIV-H9N2 with the APEC work in a synergism and exaggerate the pathological picture for both pathogen, and the LPAIV-H9N2 circulating in the Middle east region still low pathogenic virus and losses associated with its infection in poultry farms is not due to the increased pathogenicity of the LPAIV-H9N2 virus, but rather to the heavy infection with multidrug-resistant E. coli and other pathogen such as IB, NDV, and IBD viruses in commercial broiler flocks ( 35 , 37 , 39 , 40 ).…”

Molecular Detection of Virulence Factors in Salmonella serovars Isolated from Poultry and Human Samples

“…Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease with the greatest impact worldwide on both humans and animals [1,2]. Tis disease is caused by the Salmonella in which more than 2,700 serotypes have been reported so far [3]. In humans, the consumption of chicken meat and eggs that were contaminated is conduced to develop the disease because they are considered the main reservoir and vehicle of Salmonella [1,4].…”

Efficacy of the Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII.1.1-Matched Vaccines in Commercial Broilers

“…NDV belonging to genotype VIId was associated with severe problems in the oviducts, which lead to the production of soft shelled, shell-less eggs and even a decrease or loss in egg production, whereas the virus infection was associated with severe lymphocyte infiltration [14]. In broilers chicks, NDV associated with severe economic losses resulted from mortalities, severe enteritis, and subsequent bacterial activities (E.coli, Clostridium, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella) in the GIT [19][20][21][22] and in the respiratory organs in addition to losses from mixed infection with other viral diseases such as infectious bursal disease (IBD), avian influenza virus (AIV), and infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) [21,[23][24][25][26]. In addition to follicular degeneration effects in ovaries and oviducts, the qualities of the egg shell and egg albumen in velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VNDV)-infected birds were low due to the inadequate production of the steroid hormones and yolk resorption [27].…”