To improve our understanding of the contributions of different stabilizing interactions to protein stability, including that of residual structure in the unfolded state, the small sweet protein monellin has been studied in both its two variant forms, the naturally occurring double-chain variant (dcMN) and the artificially created single-chain variant (scMN). Equilibrium guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding studies at pH 7 show that the standard free energy of unfolding, ΔG°(U), of dcMN to unfolded chains A and B and its dependence on guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) concentration are both independent of protein concentration, while the midpoint of unfolding has an exponential dependence on protein concentration. Hence, the unfolding of dcMN like that of scMN can be described as two-state unfolding. The free energy of dissociation, ΔG°(d), of the two free chains, A and B, from dcMN, as measured by equilibrium binding studies, is significantly lower than ΔG°(U), apparently because of the presence of residual structure in free chain B. The value of ΔG°(U), at the standard concentration of 1 M, is found to be ∼5.5 kcal mol(-1) higher for dcMN than for scMN in the range from pH 4 to 9, over which unfolding appears to be two-state. Hence, dcMN appears to be more stable than scMN. It seems that unfolded scMN is stabilized by residual structure that is absent in unfolded dcMN and/or that native scMN is destabilized by strain that is relieved in native dcMN. The value of ΔG°(U) for both protein variants decreases with an increase in pH from 4 to 9, apparently because of the thermodynamic coupling of unfolding to the protonation of a buried carboxylate side chain whose pK(a) shifts from 4.5 in the unfolded state to 9 in the native state. Finally, it is shown that although the thermodynamic stabilities of dcMN and scMN are very different, their kinetic stabilities with respect to unfolding in GdnHCl are very similar.

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Field evaluation of nursery bed inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and root dip treatement with Azotobacter chroococcum and Aspergillus awamori was carried out on aerobic rice. All the inoculated treatments with G. fasciculatum either singly or incombination showed increased growth and yield of rice compared to control and dual and triple inoculation were performed better than single inoculation treatment. G. fasciculatum inoculated seedlings in nursery bed shown better root colonization in field after transplantation compared to un-inoculated plants. The root dip inoculation with A. chroococcum and A. awamori during transplantation also increased the population of N 2 fixer and Phosphate solubilizers besides increasing the population of general microflora in the rhizosphere. The results revealed the possibility of nursery inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza and root dip inoculation of other biofertilizers for aerobic rice.

Supporting Information Figure S1: Bacterial count for various serovars in the root of Arabidopsis ecotypes Col-0, CEN, C24 and Ler. Heat map representation of mean bacterial CFU on 4 Arabidopsis ecotypes.

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The plants growing in cold desert of western Himalaya have inhabited diversified endophytes. These endophytes can provide fitness to plant under harsh environmental situations. In the current study, 22 fungal endophytes isolated from Artemisia and Xerophytic plants growing in the cold desert were screened for thermo-tolerance at different temperature ranges (28, 30 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 o C) under in vitro . The only three isolates viz ., A2, A7 and X5 exhibited growth up to 40 o C and identified as Penicilium funiculosum (A2), Ceriporia lacerate (A7) and Endomelanconiopsis endophytica (X5) using ITS region. These endophytes inoculated to rice seedlings and exposed to elevated temperature (45 ℃) for 7hr per day for 10 days to study their effect on tolerance of rice to heat stress. The results revealed that endophytes inoculated seedlings showed sustained improvement in shoot and root growth. In addition, endophytes significantly increased the photosynthetic efficiency by regulating photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as increased photosynthetic pigments compared to uninoculated seedlings. The E. endophytica was chosen to be the best endophyte to impart heat stress as per Fernandez model. This study suggested that cold desert endophytes could induce heat tolerance in plants.

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