Methylglyoxal, which is technically known as 2-oxopropanal or pyruvaldehyde, shows typical reactions of carbonyl compounds as it has both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group. It is an extremely cytotoxic physiological metabolite, which is generated by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions. The deleterious nature of the compound is due to its ability to glycate and crosslink macromolecules like protein and DNA, respectively. However, despite having toxic effects on cellular processes, methylglyoxal retains its efficacy as an anticancer drug.Indeed, methylglyoxal is one of the well-known anticancer therapeutic agents used in the treatment. Several studies on methylglyoxal biology revolve around the manifestations of its inhibitory effects and toxicity in microbial growth and diabetic complications, respectively. Here, we have revisited the chronology of methylglyoxal research with emphasis on metabolism of methylglyoxal and implications of methylglyoxal production or detoxification on bacterial pathogenesis and disease progression. V C 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(10): [667][668][669][670][671][672][673][674][675][676][677][678] 2014
Table of Contents Chemicals and Methods S3 Characterisation of nanoparticles S4 POPG hydrolysis by MALDI-Mass Analysis S7 Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis UV-Vis assay scheme S8 UV-Visible analysis of p-Nitrophenylphosphatidyl choline (NPPC) hydrolysis S9 Kinetic parameters of NPPC hydrolysis S10 31 P NMR analysis of NPPC hydrolysis S11 XPS and HRTEM analysis of nanoparticles S12 Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by nanoceria S13 Confocal study of bacterial cell membrane disruption S13 CFU analysis of Salmonella growth and death curve S15 Confocal microscopy analysis of antibacterial activity S17 Study of pre-attachment phase of biofilm formation S18 Synthesis and characterization of FITC-tagged PAA-Cnp S18 Localization of PAA-Cnp inside biofilm S21 Dispersibility of nanozymes in solution S21 SEM images of biofilm formation/disruption S22 Comparison of biofilm inhibition using oxidase-mimetic S22 Antibacterial activity on various pathogenic bacteria S23 Antibiofouling studies on urinary catheters S28 MIC quantification and comparison S29 Cytotoxicity study against HeLa cells S30 S3 1. Chemicals Cerium chloride heptahydrate (CeCl3.7H2O) was purchased from Avra synthesis Pvt. Ltd. Cerric ammonium nitrate ((NH4)2Ce(NO3)6), ethylenediamine, hydrazine hydrate and ammonium hydroxide, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane used for various synthesis were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories. Sodium polyacrylate and flouresceine isothiocynate used for preparing PAA-Cnp and FITC-tagged PAA-Cnp nanoparticles respectively were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Trizma base and phosphotidyl choline (lecithin) used for hydrolysis assays were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol and pnitrophenyl phosphorylcholine used for other hydrolysis assays were purchased from TCI Co. Ltd. and Alfa Aesar Fischer Scientific respectively. 2. Characterization Methods Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX spectrawere performed on a Carl-Zeiss Ultra 55, FEI Sirion UHR SEM and ESEM-Quanta instruments,respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM), electron diffraction X-Ray (EDX) analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were recorded on JEOL transmission electron microscope operating at 200 kV after casting a drop of nanoparticle dispersion in acetone over Cu grid. Powder XRDwas recordedon Philips PANalytical X-ray diffractometer by using a Cu-Kα (1.5406 Å)radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was acquired on AXIS ULTRA, KRATOS ANALYTICAL, SHIMADAZU. Raman spectroscopy was performed on HORIBA JOBIN YVON LabRAM HR Raman spectrometer (532 nm laser. FT-IR spectra were recorded on aPerkinElmer FT-IR spectrometer. Zeta potential was measured usingMalvern Zetasizer Nano UK.UV-Vis absorption spectra were acquired onSHIMADAZU UV-2600 spectrophotometer. Fluorescence spectroscopy was measured by using HORIBA JOBIN YVON (Fluoromax-4 Spectrofluorometer) instrument. All the 31 P NMR spectra were recorded using AV400 and AV500 MHz Avance Bruker High Resolution...
BackgroundPre-harvest contamination of fruits and vegetables by Salmonella in fields is one of the causes of food-borne outbreaks. Natural openings like stomata, hydathodes and fruit cracks are known to serve as entry points. While there are reports indicating that Salmonella colonize and enter root through lateral root emerging area, further investigations regarding how the accessibility of Salmonella to lateral root is different from phyto-pathogenic bacteria, the efficacy of lateral root to facilitate entry have remained unexplored. In this study we attempted to investigate the lateral root mediated entry of Salmonella, and to bridge this gap in knowledge.ResultsUnlike phytopathogens, Salmonella cannot utilize cellulose as the sole carbon source. This negates the fact of active entry by degrading plant cellulose and pectin. Endophytic Salmonella colonization showed a high correlation with number of lateral roots. When given equal opportunity to colonize the plants with high or low lateral roots, Salmonella internalization was found higher in the plants with more lateral roots. However, the epiphytic colonization in both these plants remained unaltered. To understand the ecological significance, we induced lateral root production by increasing soil salinity which made the plants susceptible to Salmonella invasion and the plants showed higher Salmonella burden in the aerial organs.ConclusionSalmonella, being unable to degrade plant cell wall material relies heavily on natural openings. Therefore, its invasion is highly dependent on the number of lateral roots which provides an entry point because of the epidermis remodeling. Thus, when number of lateral root was enhanced by increasing the soil salinity, plants became susceptible to Salmonella invasion in roots and its transmission to aerial organs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1578-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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