As children living with HIV (CLHIV) grow into adolescence and adulthood, caregivers and healthcare providers are faced with the sensitive challenge of when to disclose to a CLHIV his or her HIV status. Despite WHO recommendations for CLHIV to know their status, in countries most affected by HIV, effective resources are often limited, and national guidance on disclosure is often lacking. To address the need for effective resources, gray and scientific literature was searched to identify existing tools and resources that can aid in the disclosure process. From peer-reviewed literature, seven disclosure models from six different countries were identified. From the gray literature, 23 resources were identified including children's books (15), job aides to assist healthcare providers (5), and videos (3). While these existing resources can be tailored to reflect local norms and used to aid in the disclosure process, careful consideration must be taken in order to avoid damaging disclosure practices.
Objective: The leaf and root of Bombax buonopozense which have some ethnomedicinal applications were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease causing microorganisms. Material & Methods:The phytochemical composition was evaluated using standard procedures. Susceptibility of these clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli) to the extracts was determined using the agar diffusion method.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phlobatannins, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (mostly in root). The root extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested, while the leaf extract had activity on S. aureus and B. subtilis only. Conclusion:The findings indicate that the root extract contain the most active components which may be used to source antibiotic substances for possible treatment of bacterial infections.
Aim: This study compared the effect of yellow filters and corrective lenses on the academic performance of primary school children with abnormal contrast sensitivity. Study Design: The study employed quantitative study design involving the measurement of variables. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Owerri North, Imo State, Nigeria, from February, 2019 to November, 2019. Methodology: The study included 34 children between 7-12 years old in private and public schools with abnormal contrast sensitivity comprising 7-9 year-olds (64.7%); 10-12 year-olds (35.3%); Males (52.9%) and Females (47.1%). Using basic optometric procedures and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart, children with abnormal contrast sensitivity were identified for the study. Academic performance was assessed by comparing the previous midterm summative test result (pre-test) with the current midterm summative test result (post-test). Results: Paired sample t-Test showed no significant difference in academic performance of children using corrective lenses (p = .47), and those using corrective lenses with yellow filters (p = .94) respectively at 95% confidence interval. Also, children using corrective lenses compared with those using corrective lenses with yellow filters showed no significant difference (p =.57) in academic performance. Further, no significant age and gender variation in academic performance was identified (7-9 yrs: p =.38; 10-12 yrs: p =.79; Males: p=.38; Females: p =.79). Conclusion: Corrective lenses and Corrective lenses with yellow filters had no effect on academic performance of primary school children 7-12 years of age with abnormal contrast sensitivity.
Palm wine has long been the traditional wine of choice for most people during festive periods and social activities. This research work was done to determine the effect of ingested fresh palm wine on pupil diameter and amplitude of accommodation in young adults. Fifty (50) young adults aged between 18-35 years with a mean age of 23.46(±2.54) and weight ranging from 45-80kg with mean weight of 61.18(±8.00) volunteered for this work. The volunteers had normal body mass index (BMI) of between 18.5 and 25kg/m2. Pupil diameter in millimeters (mm) and Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) in diopters (D) were measured before and after 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes intake of 330ml of fresh palm wine containing 5.1% alcohol at the time it was consumed. Physicochemical analysis of the palm wine showed the presence of Solids, Sugar, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) while microbiological analysis showed the presence of yeasts. Its pH at the time was 6.20. Statistical analysis with SPSS version 21 showed that the mean pupil diameter before intake of fresh palm wine was 3.80(±0.72) and mean value 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes after intake of fresh palm wine were 3.30(±0.61), 3.48(±0.75) and 4.20(±0.64) respectively. The mean Amplitude of accommodation before intake of fresh palm wine was 12.16(±3.66) and mean value 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes after intake of fresh palm wine were 13.86(±3.31), 10.19(±2.47) and 9.16(±2.12) respectively. The result obtained was statistically significant using one way ANOVA at 95% confidence interval and 0.05 level of significance; P(0.00) ˂0.05. The mean difference was significant at the 0.05 level. This study showed that fresh palm wine interfered with visual functions as increased pupil size and changes in AA were observed. Key words: Fresh palm wine, pupil diameter, amplitude of accommodation.
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