It is well recognized today that for long-term success, the management of traumatized teeth optimally should be carried out as soon as possible. Since, majority of traumatic injuries occur at home, the ultimate prognosis of an avulsed tooth may depend on knowledge of the treatment procedure, possessed by his or her parents. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the parental knowledge and attitude regarding the emergency management of avulsed teeth in children (in Davangere--both urban and rural, 1,000 each).

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is a very rare syndrome of autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis and early onset of a severe destructive periodontitis, leading to premature loss of both primary and permanent dentitions. Various etiopathogenic factors are associated with the syndrome but a recent report has suggested that the condition is linked to mutations of the cathepsin C gene. Two cases of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome in the same family, having all of the characteristic features, are presented. An 11-year-old girl and a 9-year-old boy presented with the complaints of loose teeth. Both expressed hyperkeratosis of palms, soles, and knees. Severe generalized periodontal destruction, with mobility of teeth, was evident on intraoral examination; orthopantomograph examination showed severe generalized loss of alveolar bone in both the patients.

Hydroxyapatite showed better remineralization when compared to CPP-ACP and Tri-calcium phosphate.

Eruption cyst is a benign cyst associated with a primary or permanent tooth in its soft tissue phase after erupting through the bone. It is most prevalent in the Caucasian race. Intraoral examination of four patients revealed eruption cyst. Among these, in three patients it occurred in the maxillary arch and one had it in the mandibular arch. All were associated with permanent tooth. Surgical treatment was done in three cases and in one case the cyst disappeared gradually and tooth erupted in normal pattern. Four cases of eruption cyst from India are presented and literature on this condition is reviewed. It is clinically significant in that knowledge among general dentists is very essential regarding this developmental disturbance to reach the correct diagnosis and to provide proper treatment.

IntrOductIOnThe developement of dental caries is a dynamic process involving cycles of demineralization and remineralization. Demineralization results in the loss of calcium and phosphate ions creating a subsurface lesion. Remineralization utilizes the existing calcium and phosphate ions in saliva aided by available salivary fluoride to create a new surface on existing crystal remnants in the subsurface lesion. Sub parts per million (ppm) of salivary fluoride levels prevent dental caries by shifting the balance from demineralization to remineralization at the tooth-oral fluid interface, due to the precipitation of calcium phosphates and the formation of fluorohydroxyapatite in tooth structure. The ability of fluoride to affect the demineralization-remineralization process depends on whether fluoride is available in the oral cavity at the right time and proper concentration. Maintaining low levels of fluoride release over long periods is important in the inhibition of demineralization and the promotion of remineralization [1].The rationale for caries preventive effect of fluoride has been known for many decades. The fact that fluoride can be incorporated into the crystalline lattice of dental hard tissues, resulting in a tissue less soluble in acid environment, has been the scientific corner stone for caries prevention [2].For many years professionally applied topical fluorides have been used effectively to prevent caries, especially in children. Professionally available fluoride is in the form of gels, foams, (containing around 12,300 ppm of fluoride) used effectively for inhibiting dental caries especially in children. The fluoride varnishes have gained immense popularity in the field of pediatric dentistry due to its ease of application thereby facilitating its use in precooperative children, patients with exaggerated gag reflex, those demanding special health care needs and also in children exposed to head and neck radiation [3].Recent studies have shown the use of fluoride varnishes to be effective in the prevention of early childhood caries and reduce caries by 25%-45% [4,5].According to American Dental Association council on scientific affairs concluded that fluoride varnish should be applied every six months as it is effective in reducing caries prevalence in high risk populations and also prevents caries in primary as well as permanent dentitions of children and adolescents [6]. Fluoride levels in saliva after application of fluoride varnish are influenced by different parameters like initial fluoride concentration applied, time since exposure, fluoride retention, delivery method and fluoride clearance from the oral cavity [1]. The greatest release of fluoride occurs in the first three weeks and then tapers [7][8][9].Newly marketed fluoride varnishes are supposed to release fluoride slowly and for extended periods of time. The present study intends to determine the fluoride release from three different fluoride varnishes (representing new generation and conventional varnishes) over a period of time throu...

Permanent mandibular central incisor is rarely affected by tooth shape anomalies of crown and root. Co-occurrence of multiple anomalies in a permanent mandibular central incisor is extremely rare. This paper reports an unusual concurrent combination of multiple dental anomalies affecting both the crown and root of a permanent mandibular left central incisor -talon cusp, dens invaginatus, short root anomaly and macrodontia -, which has not previously been reported together. Case management is described and implications are discussed. The dentist should be aware of these rare entities in order to provide an accurate diagnosis and management for which detailed examination of the tooth both clinically and radiographically is very important.

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Rotary root canal instrumentation may be indicated for utilization in primary teeth, for enhancing root canal preparation and good quality of root canal filling.