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Cyclopoid copepod has a potential as live feed that can provide ornamental fish larvae with energy and essential nutrients, and promote their growth and survival, as well as affect their colouration. However, the nutrition, growth and nutritional requirements of this species are poorly understood. This research focuses on comparing the efficacy of enrichment types on copepods towards the growth rate, survival rate and colouration of Pterophyllum scalare larvae. The enrichment of copepods consists of four enrichment procedures (rice bran, palm kernel cake (PKC), Chlorella and yeast). This study was carried out over 50 days and the growth rate, survival rate and colouration (growth rate, survival rate, SGR and colouration) were used to evaluate the responses of P. scalare larvae towards different enrichment methods. Specific growth rates (8.0161 ± 1.4928 %; P = 0.775) and survival rates (66.667 ± 5.337%; P = 0.815) of fish larvae were found to not be significantly different (P = 0.775, P = 0.815; P >0.05). However, the colouration of the fish larvae was affected by the types of enrichment used (P <0.05). The growth and survival rates of P. scalare larvae were highest when fed with copepod enriched with rice bran and PKC. This enrichment type is the regulating factor for the growth rate, survival rate and colouration of P. scalare. The present study indicates that the organic fertilisers used, such as rice bran and PKC, have the potential for the aquaculture industry as an important enrichment medium for the growth and survival of fish larvae. Our results showed that both enrichment methods are applicable for the substitution of yeast and these findings will therefore provide better enrichment options in the larval rearing of the ornamental fish P. scalare. This study will allow the potential use of other live feed enrichment formulas to ensure that fish larval development is maintained in hatcheries.

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Cyclopoid copepod has a potential as live feed that can provide ornamental fish larvae with energy and essential nutrients, and promote their growth and survival, as well as affect their colouration. However, the nutrition, growth and nutritional requirements of this species are poorly understood. This research focuses on comparing the efficacy of enrichment types on copepods towards the growth rate, survival rate and colouration of Pterophyllum scalare larvae. The enrichment of copepods consists of four enrichment procedures (rice bran, palm kernel cake (PKC), Chlorella and yeast). This study was carried out over 50 days and the growth rate, survival rate and colouration (growth rate, survival rate, SGR and colouration) were used to evaluate the responses of P. scalare larvae towards different enrichment methods. Specific growth rates (8.0161 ± 1.4928 %; P = 0.775) and survival rates (66.667 ± 5.337%; P = 0.815) of fish larvae were found to not be significantly different (P = 0.775, P = 0.815; P >0.05). However, the colouration of the fish larvae was affected by the types of enrichment used (P <0.05). The growth and survival rates of P. scalare larvae were highest when fed with copepod enriched with rice bran and PKC. This enrichment type is the regulating factor for the growth rate, survival rate and colouration of P. scalare. The present study indicates that the organic fertilisers used, such as rice bran and PKC, have the potential for the aquaculture industry as an important enrichment medium for the growth and survival of fish larvae. Our results showed that both enrichment methods are applicable for the substitution of yeast and these findings will therefore provide better enrichment options in the larval rearing of the ornamental fish P. scalare. This study will allow the potential use of other live feed enrichment formulas to ensure that fish larval development is maintained in hatcheries.

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Zooplankton are primary consumers and serves as a crucial connection between primary producers and consumers in the aquatic food chain and higher consumers. Plankton is consumed by more than 75% of fish species at some point throughout their life. Supply of live feed cultures is critical to the expansion of aquaculture enterprises, particularly the larviculture sector, which generates fish and crustacean seeds for grow-out businesses. However, zooplankton is rarely farmed in high enough densities to be commercially viable on a large scale. This is owing to dynamic changes in physicochemical conditions in the culture system, which would normally result in a shift in the reproduction pathway from parthenogenetic to sexual, which creates resting eggs and reduces overall live feed output. The density of these live feed organisms can alter in response to environmental conditions such as eutrophication due to an excess of nutrients, acidification, pollution, salinity intrusion, and other factors that occur within the system. The water quality and food supply in the system have a big impact on zooplankton population dynamics, especially in a culture environment. The goal of this review is to have a better understanding of the many strategies for growing zooplankton utilizing various fertilization methods in order to maintain a constant population density. This review focusing on the density of zooplankton, the biological responses of live feed to fertilization, and common challenges that farmers face in the culture. In particular, we (i) examine the many zooplankton culture techniques that have been developed over time, (ii) explain the biological reactions of zooplankton to changes in culture conditions, and (iii) show the frequent issues as-sociated with live feed culture.

Artemia is a type of brine shrimp that can provide good nutrients and a well digested fish larva with high potential live feed. Therefore, Artemia is readily contained in capsulated cysts that have been preserved for a long period of time. In the industrial, however, there is a lack of knowledge and technique regarding the handling of suitable life feed as first feed for fish larvae. The study is to observe the growth and survival rate of Angelfish larvae (Pterophyllum scalare) with various types of enriched Artemia. Three types enrichment are used (Tetraselmis sp., Chlorella sp., and mixed diet; Tetraselmis sp. + Chlorella sp.). This experiment was performed for 35 days, and the growth (SGR), survival and nutritional analysis were reported to assess the effect of the larvae of Angelfish. Specific growth rate (SGR) of Angelfish larvae (11.49 ± 0.63%), and survival rate (81.0 ± 1.92%). Angelfish larvae had the highest growth and survival rate on mixed diet fed (Tetraselmis sp. + Chlorella sp.) compared to other enrichments, Tetraselmis sp. (9.56 ± 0.08%, 70.00 ± 0.00%) and sp. (10.03 ± 0.13%, 74.0 ± 2.03%), this was related while examining the protein and lipids. The mean value of the mixed diet protein and lipid analysis (57.91 ± 0.27%, 7.31 ± 1.35%) is the highest as compared to other enrichments, Tetraselmis sp. (44.73 ± 0.73%, 4.85 ± 0.60%), and Chlorella sp. (49.76 ± 1.19%, 7.31± 5.05%). As the conclusion, mixed diet is more successful diet for growth performances and survival rate to fish larvae. This study applies if the Artemia can be culture in the future without the technique of decapsulation cysts to reduce cost in using Artemia.