Abstract. The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI)System is the mostly widely used fire danger rating system in the world. We have developed a global database of daily FWI System calculations, beginning in 1980, called the Global Fire WEather Database (GFWED) gridded to a spatial resolution of 0.5 • latitude by 2/3 • longitude. Input weather data were obtained from the NASA Modern Era RetrospectiveAnalysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and two different estimates of daily precipitation from rain gauges over land. FWI System Drought Code calculations from the gridded data sets were compared to calculations from individual weather station data for a representative set of 48 stations in North, Central and South America, Europe, Russia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Agreement between gridded calculations and the station-based calculations tended to be most different at low latitudes for strictly MERRAbased calculations. Strong biases could be seen in either direction: MERRA DC over the Mato Grosso in Brazil reached unrealistically high values exceeding DC = 1500 during the dry season but was too low over Southeast Asia during the dry season. These biases are consistent with those previously identified in MERRA's precipitation, and they reinforce the need to consider alternative sources of precipitation data. GFWED can be used for analyzing historical relationships between fire weather and fire activity at continental and global scales, in identifying large-scale atmosphere-ocean controls on fire weather, and calibration of FWI-based fire prediction models.

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Abstract. The Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System is the mostly widely used fire danger rating system in the world. We have developed a global database of daily, gridded FWI System calculations from 1980–2012. Input weather data were obtained from the NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research, and two different estimates of daily precipitation from rain gauges over land. FWI System Drought Code (DC) calculations from the gridded datasets were compared to calculations from individual weather station data for a representative set of stations in North, Central and South America, Europe, Russia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Agreement between gridded calculations and the station-based calculations tended to be most different over the tropics for strictly MERRA-based calculations. This dataset can be used for analyzing historical relationships between fire weather and fire activity at continental and global scales, in identifying large-scale atmosphere–ocean controls on fire weather, and calibration of FWI-based fire prediction models.

Tanjero river represents a permanent river located southwest of Sulaimani city about 7km. Qiliasan and Kani-Ban streams confluence to form Tanjero river near Kani-Goma village. Water samples were collected from fifteen sites along the Tanjero river during June 2007 up to January 2008 and analyzed for studying some physico-chemical properties and heavy metals contaminations. The total hardness values recorded in the studied sites were ranged (204.96-388.06)mg/L.The values of (8-33.1) ºC, (1.08-496) NTU were recorded for temperature and turbidity respectively, while the values of (0.64-9.19) mg / L, (7.26-8.64) and (362-1715) µS.Cm-1 were recorded for dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and specific conductance. The values of Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr) ,Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni), concentration were ranged between, (1.80 to 2.39), (0.2 to 3.31) , (2.13 to 2.55), (0.08 to 3.29) ,and (0.51 to 1.72) mg/L respectively. The result indicates significant differences (P≥ 0.05) for the sampling events with LSD (Least Significant Differences) value of 0.01 for Co Fe, and Ni, while 0.03 and, 0.06 for Cr and Mn respectively. The Copper(Cu) concentration in all studied water samples was within the acceptable levels which ranged (0.11 to 0.51) mg/L. Tanjero river and tributaries were polluted with heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr) resulted from the impact of sewage wastewater according to water quality standard EU, 2004; USEPA, 2005; Canada, 2005 and WHO, 2006 and should Construct a plant of treatment for treating sewage wastewater of Sulaimani city before direct discharge to the river and it is quite essential to treat the ground water of the studied area before using .

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