Processing biodiesel from non-edible sources of feedstock seems to be thriving in recent years. It also has also gathered more attention than in the past, mainly because the biodiesel product is renewable and emits lower pollution compared to fossil fuels. Researchers have started their work on various kinds of biodiesel product, especially from a non-edible feedstock. Non-edible feedstocks such as Ceiba pentandra show great potential in the production of biodiesel, especially in the Southeast Asia region because the plants seem to be abundant in that region. Ceiba pentandra, also known as the Kapok tree, produces hundreds of pods with a length of 15 cm (5.9 in) and diameter 2–5 cm (1–2 in). The pods consist of seeds and fluff in the surrounding areas inside the pod, which itself contains yellowish fibre, a mixture of cellulose and lignin. The seeds of Ceiba pentandra can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. The study for Ceiba pentandra will involve techno-economic, as well as a sensitivity analysis. Moreover, the study also shows that the techno-economic analysis of a biodiesel processing plant for 50 ktons Ceiba pentandra with a life span of 20 years is around $701 million with 3.7 years of the payback period. Besides that, this study also shows the differences in operating cost and oil conversion yield, which has the least impact on running cost. By improving the conversion processes continuously and by increasing the operational efficiency, the cost of production will decrease. In addition, the study also explains the differences of final price biodiesel and diesel fossil fuel, both showing dissimilar scenarios subsidy and taxation. Biodiesel has a subsidy of $0.10/L and $0.18/L with a total tax exemption of 15%. The value was obtained from the latest subsidy cost and diesel in Malaysia. Finally, further research is needed in order to fully utilize the use of Ceiba pentandra as one of the non-edible sources of biodiesel.
Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti kedudukan penderia pancaran akustik yang paling baik dalam pemonitoran kelikatan minyak pelincir dengan menggunakan blok enjin diesel sebagai model kajian. Setiap isyarat yang dirambat akan diterjemahkan ke dalam isyarat domain masa dan jelmaan fourier pantas. Tumpuan parameter kajian adalah nilai tenaga pancaran akustik. Hasil kajian ini pula menunjukkan bahawa nilai parameter berbeza pada setiap kedudukan penderia yang disebabkan oleh jarak penderia dari sumber tenaga pancaran akustik dengan nilai faktor k yang malar. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kedudukan penderia yang paling baik untuk pemonitoran kelikatan minyak pelincir pada enjin adalah di bahagian bawah, iaitu pada penghujung skrit omboh semasa omboh berada di pusat mati bawah. Ini menunjukkan bahawa jarak penderia dari pusat sumber isyarat mempengaruhi nilai tenaga pancaran akustik. Kata kunci: Tenaga pancaran akustik; kelikatan minyak pelincir; faktor k; kedudukan penderia This works aim to characterize the better sensor location in lubrication viscosity monitoring using diesel block as a media. The entire signal propagation was analysis by time domain and Fast Fourier Transform. The acoustic emission energy is the important parameter in this study. The result shows that for different parameter sensor location, a different parameter value is obtained because of the distance between sensor location and acoustic emission energy source with constant k factor. From the result, the best sensor location for monitoring lubrication viscosity in engine is at the end of the piston skirt when the piston is at under bottom dead center. The influence of acoustic emission energy is the length of the sensor located is considered. Key words: Acoustic emission energy; lubrication viscosity; k factor; sensor location
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