The article presents data about influence of seasonal factors on immune reactivity in carp scaly, carp framey, and carp. We studied the blood that was taken from the heart of fish in different seasons: spring (May), summer (August) and autumn (October). The research was carried out at the Lviv department of the Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Science, Velykyj Ljubin in three groups of two-year-old fish. The received data give reason to think that the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of carp fish and their functional activity to a large extent depends on the influence of seasonal factors (temperature of the medium, oxygen concentration, duration of light day). This is points to the probable increase in the number of T-lymphocytes (common, active, theophylline-sensitive and theophylline-resistant) and a decrease in B-lymphocytes in the blood of investigated fish in the summer and, especially in the autumn period of research. In this case, an increase in the functional activity of T-lymphocytes was revealed due to the redistribution of the receptor apparatus of the immunocompetent cells. In particular, a reduction in the number of blood of inactive T-lymphocytes in functionally and an increase in cells with low and medium receptor density. Regarding the degree of differentiation of B-lymphocytes, the decrease in their amount in the blood of the studied individuals occurred due to the increase of “zero” and low-conductivity EAS-RUL and reduction of the subpopulation with average receptor density. We suggested that the abiotic factors can modulate the immune response of carp fish.
Patients with primary headaches are prone to frequent uncontrolled use of analgesics, leading to medication-overuse headache (MOH). One of the most accessible and effective strategies for its prevention is informing patients about the potential danger of its development. For this, training programs («schools») are conducted.Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs in management of patients with MOH and its prevention.Patients and methods. We included 120 patients (12 men and 108 women, mean age: men – 46.3±3.54 years, women – 41.3±9.5 years) with primary headache and MOH. The follow-up period was 12 months. First, patients were divided into two groups depending on the clinical diagnosis: group I (n=44) – patients with chronic primary headaches without MOH, group II (n=76) – patients with chronic primary headaches and MOH. Then, patients in each group were randomized into subgroups depending on the prescribed therapy. All participants underwent repeated clinical examinations and questionnaires assessment at 1-, 3- and 12-months follow-ups. In addition, all patients kept a headache diary. An educational «school» developed for this study was held in those subgroups where educational programs were specified.Results and discussion. We observed a significant decrease in mean Headache-Attributed Lost Time (HALT) and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) scores (р<0,05) at 12-months follow-up in subgroups where headache educational programs were combined with drug therapy, compared to the subgroups without educational programs. At the end of follow-up, we found a mean 1.75-fold increase in patients' treatment satisfaction (compared to baseline) in the subgroups where the «school» was held. Financial costs during the 12-month follow-up period for patients decreased by seven times because most patients stopped taking medications to relieve headaches.Conclusion. Information and educational programs are an integral part of the management of patients with MOH.
PPSV23) in order to prevent pneumococcal diseases among the over-65 elderly population; however, 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) is not included in the program. This study proffers a comparative analysis of PCV13 versus PPSV23 for Korean adult population. MethOds: Analysis was designed in Markov model and from a healthcare perspective for a full life-cycle. Epidemiological and cost data used for analysis, such as incidence and mortality of pneumococcal diseases and serotype coverage, were drawn from Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service's Big Data, Korea Centre for Disease Control & Prevention reports and research resources from Korean medical institutions. An expert panel was hosted to verify data. The CAPiTA trial and Cochrane meta-analysis for PCV13 and PPSV23 was utilizaed for effectiveness data. The addition of PCV13 to current NIP (PCV13 is followed by PPSV23) was compared to vaccination of PPSV23 only. The analysis was based on 2 types of population classified by co-morbidity (all population vs. risk group) and age groups (18~64, over 65 and over 75 years old) Results: When the addition of PCV13 vaccination was compared to the vaccination of PPSV23 only for over 65 years old, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) turned out to be 3,300 USD per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). For risk group of those over 65 year old, ICER of addition of PCV13 over existing PPSV23-only vaccination was 3,404 USD/QALY. For 18-64yrs risk group, vaccinating both PCV13 and PPSV23 yielded ICER of 3,629 USD/QALY over existing PPSV23. In addition, sequential vaccination of PCV13 and PPSV23 to all elderly population over 75 resulted in ICER of 1,007 USD/QALY. cOnclusiOns: The strategy of vaccination sequential vaccination of PCV13 and PPSV23 in all age groups can be interpreted as cost effective from healthcare perspective in Korea.
The article provides material on the organization and characteristics of equestrian tourism. The popularity of equestrian tourism is now growing rapidly throughout the world. Everywhere, campsites are built to service riders, horse-riding routes are laid. Equestrian tourism squeezes into the background many traditional types of travel. Considering the huge interest shown to equestrian tourism by various strata of the population in many countries of the world, the International Equestrian Federation has paid serious attention to this issue in recent years. Within the framework of the Federation, a special commission has been set up under the supervision of the Italian professor Vittorio de Sanctis, who has begun working out rules for conducting international horse-riding tours, hikes and runs. Horse tourism is an integral part of eco-tourism. For the organization of equestrian tourism, a proper base is needed, horses are properly trained for horse riding and saddlery, a school of instructors and methods for training tourists to care for horses and handling them, arranging training for hikers, working out routes with halts, and preparing feed for horses. Equestrian tourism in Ukraine is developing, winning more and more supporters. This type of active tourism enjoys well-deserved popularity among horseback riding enthusiasts of natural, ethnic, historical, extreme, pilgrimage, hunting, fishing, and mountain destinations. Equestrian tourism is an attractive way of spending time and studying from inside the life of the inhabitants of the country. Any rest on horses is interesting and fascinating, and everyone can take with them a positive impression. In addition, the horse is a unique live simulator. It is thanks to this ability that a method of medical riding, or hippotherapy, has emerged, which has become one of the effective ways to rehabilitate the disabled.
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