SummaryPalladium‐on‐carbon catalysts are exceedingly active for the hydrogenation of natural unsaturated oils when very mild conditions are used. Selectivity is usually good, andtrans content can be adequately controlled by the proper choice of conditions. In the range of operating variables used in this work,trans formation is lessened with increased agitation and pressure, decreased catalyst activity, decreased concentration of metal in oil and on carrier, and with decreased temperature. Some shortening stocks were obtained which have good physical properties, as expressed by their dilatometric curves.
Satisfactory margarine stocks have been made with a palladium on carbon catalyst in laboratory, pilot plant, and plant processing. The catalyst was shown to make a satisfactory product even when, on continued re‐use, the ratio of oil to metal used reached 400,000 to 1.
Summary
Shortening stocks obtained in the pilot plant differ slightly from those obtained in the laboratory under nominally the same conditions. Pilot‐plant processing is easily controlled to give a commercially attractive shortening at a cost competitive with nickel. By repeated re‐use 1 g. of 5% palladium on earbon catalyst will hydrogenate about 18 kg. of oil to a satisfactory product, and 1 g. of 2% palladium on carbon catalyst about 11 kg. of oil.
Summary
A good quality of castor wax was prepared in the laboratory at 100°C. and 45 p.s.i.g., using a modified palladium catalyst. The product obtained had an iodine value of 4, a hydroxy value of 145, and acid value of 1.8, and a capillary melting point of 86°.
Catalysts.Con(litious were fouml for reducing tall oil distillate to an iodine mmfl)e)' of 22 with a sufliciently small :mlount of palladium catalyst to make the pro(,(,ss (:om)nercially feasible. The Ol)crating eon(lith)ns were 2()0~ and 2,600 psi. Tall oil fatty acids were reduced with palladium and th(! concentrntion of linoleic acid, cis-oleie acid, saturate([ acid, and trans isomers were (lctcrmim~d as a function of io(lilm retail)or. Thc fivc-platinunt group metals (Pt, Pd, Jr, Rh, Rut were compar(,(l as to a(;tivity, selec2ivity of partial hydrogen:ttion, and tend(,ncy to form lrans-isomers.
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