The article discusses the genesis and development of the castle fortifications in Brody. Castle fortifications analysis was performed in terms of planning, spatial, compositional structures. It discloses the stylistic features of the castle fortifications on the basis of an analysis of historical maps and fieldwork. For the first time analyzed the plans of the fortifications on maps from the period of the eighteenth century. Reconstructing development phases of the castle.
The town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) belongs to the late Renaissance foundations of private resident towns in Western Ukraine (Halychyna region) from the late 16th century. In accordance with historical sources, this city was founded by Stanisław Żółkiewski [2] in 1594. Urban-spatial structure of the town was designed according to the Renaissance ideal city. The city has a well-preserved original planning structure and a number of architectural monuments that are associated with it. The city consisted of two conjugated parts: the owner’s castle and the fortifi ed middletown. The combination of these two parts was of a specifi c nature – when the central square of the town is combined with the facade of the castle complex. On the base of the historical and urban studies presented the hypothesis that town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) is an unique example of late Renaissance urbanism. The start of town build was in 1594 according to a project based on the concept of “ideal town” from the book of Italian architect Pietro Cataneo. We are thinking, that the author of the project and plan of town was Paolo Clamensi – Italian architect, worked in Lviv at the end of 16th century. The towns have a well-preserved original Renaissance planning structure and a number of architectural monuments that are connected with it.
Article is devoted to the investigation of suitability of low carbon Roman cement for restoration and finishing works. The history of the development of Roman cement as a natural hydraulic binder, which was commonly used to decorate building facades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, is presented. The properties of mortars based on Roman cement make it an excellent product for architectural restoration and conservation, as they are characterized by fast setting, high porosity typical for lime mortars, high resistance to weather conditions, high initial strength. At the same time, due to the high surface activity and increased water demand for cement, with the age of hardening, shrinkage deformations can develop, which leads to the formation of main cracks on the surface of the products. It is shown that the addition of gypsum is an effective regulator of the setting time of Roman cement and contributes to an increase in the strength of the cement paste. Analogs of Roman cement based on multicomponent cement binders modified with plasticizing and air-entraining additives are presented.
The city of Chełm (Kholm in the past; today located on the territory of Poland) was founded by King of Rus` (Ruthenia) Danylo (Daniel) Romanovych in the middle of the 13th century. Initially, it was a small town with a small castle, but later Daniel rebuilt it and turned it into his capital. Unfortunately, buildings from the 13th century are preserved here only in the form of archaeological remains of the foundations and lower parts of the walls. The great historical significance of this city prompted us to study its building structure. It is important to know from which materials and in which technological solutions a large metropolitan city could have emerged in such a short time in the 13th century. The archaeological reports were the main source base for the study. Reports reflect all results of in-situ fixations of the walls and foundations remains of the castle. These fixations were carried out directly during archaeological research. The analysis shows that Chełm was built using materials from both local deposits and imported ones. Various stone raw materials and bricks were used for construction. It turned out that the main rock for the construction of walls and the manufacture of decorative architectural details was glauconite. The largest quantities of this raw material were used for the castle. Limestone, sandstone, opoka, and fossilized chalk were also used. The nature of the processing of stone materials shows that the builders of the castle had extensive technological knowledge and conducted numerous experiments with materials. The results of the study give an understanding of how castle buildings were erected in the 13th century both in technological and artistic aspects.
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