The cerebellum is a potent anti-epileptic target for deep brain stimulation in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The effects of such stimulation, however, may also favor seizure activity. Our goal was to investigate the effect of cerebellar electrical stimulation (ES) alone and in combination with the anti-epileptic drug diazepam (DIA) on seizure outcome. We used a rat model of pentylenetetrazol kindling, which is characterized by seizures followed by deteriorations in central benzodiazepine-GABAA (BDZ-GABAA) receptors. We tested the effects of ES alone and in combination with DIA (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) on seizures. Our data demonstrated: 20 ES trials can prevent the recurrence of clonic-tonic kindled seizures, administration of either DIA-0.1 or ES (5 trials) alone is ineffective on seizures, and combining DIA-0.1 and 5 ES or DIA-1.0 and 5 ES caused an additive effect, prolonged the latency to seizure onset, and prevented recurrence of clonic-tonic seizures. We also observed that ES alone produced either facilitation or inhibition of seizures on EEG. In contrast, the same ES inhibited EEG seizures when delivered after a combination of DIA-1.0 and 5 ES and ultimately prevented the facilitation of the discharges. Lastly, we demonstrated that seizure suppression is intensified when cortical ES is performed after DIA administration. Our data supported the hypothesis that both BDZ-GABAA receptor activity along with cerebellar output comprise the potential mechanisms underlying the peculiar effects of deep brain stimulation in the cerebellum on seizures.
The adoption of simulation-based medical teaching and learning is one of the key phases in curriculum development. Instead of learning through apprenticeship, medical simulation enables the development of clinical skills through purposeful practice. Role-playing games and patient simulations are examples of human simulations. Manikins and computer-based simulations are examples of non-human simulations. At the undergraduate and graduate levels, medical simulation has been shown to improve clinical competence. Additionally, it has been discovered to have several benefits that can raise patient safety and lower medical expenses
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