High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are highly prevalent worldwide, and HPV genotype distribution varies regionally. Molecular surveys of HPVs are important for effective HPV control and prevention. Fifteen high-risk HPV strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) and six low-risk HPV strains (HPV6, 11, 42, 43, 44, CP8304) were detected by cervical cytology from 10 501 subjects. High-risk HPVs, low-risk HPVs, and both high- and low-risk HPVs were detected in 14·5%, 2·8%, and 2·4% of cases, respectively. Of 1782 subjects with high-risk HPV infection, 75·5%, 18·1%, and 6·4% were infected with one, two, and ⩾3 strains of high-risk HPVs, respectively. HPV52, HPV16, and HPV58 were the top three most dominant high-risk HPV genotypes in our population with positivity rates of 23·0%, 17·7% and 16·9%, respectively. Multiple infection was common, with significantly higher co-infection rates of HPV58/HPV33 (12·9%) and HPV58/HPV52 (11·3%). Further data comparisons showed that HPV genotype distribution varied markedly between domestic and international regions. In conclusion, a monolithic vaccination strategy is obviously impractical, and regional HPV surveillance is essential to optimize current HPV control and prevention.
Introduction: In modern medical education, with its transformational changes, teacher-centered learning is transformed into student-centered learning. This shift has escalated so fast with momentum, and its value in teaching and learning has been evaluated in many ways. In the current scenario, problem-based learning (PBL) is a well-recognized effective method of teaching and learning. The credit goes to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, for the establishment of PBL. In Malaysia, many medical schools have applied this method in their curriculum, one of which is University Malaysia, Sarawak (UNIMAS), which has also adopted PBL in its undergraduate curriculum since 1996. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the students’ acceptance of PBL and its positive and negative impact on their learning. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the acceptance of the students of PBL. The study population is selected using convenience sampling of 140 out of 148 pre-clinical year-2 students who were exposed to the PBL method, the focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted based on pre-framed questions to know the impact of PBL on the students’ learning. Results: Results showed that the respondents had the satisfaction and accepted PBL. Sixty students from 6 PBL groups were involved in FGD. Feedback from FGD revealed their difficulties with the conduction of 1st session of PBL, for instance, problems in searching resources, new learning environments and peers from different regions. There were positive responses spelled by the subjects that the PBL has improved their communication skills, critical thinking, and self-esteem. Conclusion: Overall the PBL has proved beneficial evidenced a positive impact on the learning process of medical students.
The cardiovascular risk evidentially found to have an association with disparities of the dipper and non-dipper hypertension. There is less celerity with regard to mechanism of diurnal blood pressure variations and related disorders. The serum uric acid and AIP are considered as cardiovascular risk factors. The current study aims to determine and compare serum uric acid level and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in dipper and non-dipper normotensive subjects. The study population is 64 healthy normotensive subjects (32 dippers and 32 non-dippers), age between 30-55 years. The subjects were identified into dippers and non-dippers by using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring device (Spacelabs 90207, USA). After identifying dipping status of the subjects, uric acid, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were measured. AIP was calculated by using formula (log [TG/HDL]). Median (interquartile range) of serum uric acid in the dipper group was 5.08mg/dl (4.12-5.66) and the non-dipper group was 5.27mg/dl (4.63-6.33). The median (interquartile range) for AIP was 0.24 (0.05-0.38) in the dipper group and 0.48 (0.32-0.67) in the non-dipper group. The median (interquartile range) of uric acid and AIP in the non-dipper group was significantly higher than that of dipper group (p<0.05). This study observed in even normotensive subjects, the non-dipper group has significantly higher serum uric acid and AIP than that of dipper group. These cardiovascular risk factors increased in non-dipper group compared to dipper group. The study come out with concluded that non-dipper group had higher cardiovascular risk than dipper group even in normotensive healthy subjects.
Introduction: Piper betle Linn is one of the most commonly used compounding plants for ethno-medical purposes, with its extract generally used in modern products to enrich their functional efficacy. The extraction methods always lead to differences in the antimicrobial efficacy of methanol extracts of bioactive compounds. Purpose: The study was conducted to screen for bioactive compounds and determine their antimicrobial efficacy in a methanol extract of Piper betle and Murraya koenigi leaves from five different regions. Methodology: The phytochemical screening done according to the procedure that is implied in from Patil, et.al, with minor modifications by the researchers of the current study. Antimicrobial activity was determined; efficacy was measured by disc diffusion analysis. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, tannin, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The methanolic extract of betel leaves from all the selected regions except from Bau exhibited antimicrobial activities. Among them, extract from Kuching and Simunjan have no effect on E. coli. The methanolic extract of curry leaves from Kuching, Balai ringai and Bau have antimicrobial activities against Staph aureus and those from Balai ringai is also active against E.coli. Conclusion: Although there were previous reports of phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities from the extract of these plants, there were still lack of research conducted on the specimens especially from our local community (Sarawak). The outcome of this study will help us to identify the bioactive compounds of the local samples and give us some pictures of their activities on how to ensure these plants can be brought forward based on the origin of the sample.
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