HPV L1 protein is a corner stone in HPV structure, it's involved in the formation of the viral capsid; widely used as a systematic
material and considered as the main component in vaccines development and production. The present study aims to characterize
genetic variation of L1 gene of HPV 16 specimens and to evaluate in silico the impact of major variants on the epitope change
affecting its conformational structure. A fragment of L1 gene from 35 HPV 16 confirmed specimens were amplified by PCR and
sequenced. Overall, five amino acids residues changes were reported: T390P in 16 specimens, M425I and M431I in 2 cases, insertion
of Serine at 460 and aspartic acid deletion at position 477 in all analyzed cases. The 3D generated model showed that T389P amino acid
substitution is located in the H-I loop; the two substitutions M424I and M430I are both located in the H2 helice. The Serine insertion
and aspartic acid deletion are located in the H4 helice and B-C loop, respectively. Superimposition of sequences' structures showed
that they share a very similar conformation highlighting that the reported amino acids variations don't affect the structure of the L1
protein. However T389P, located in the H-I loop identified as an immunogenetic region of L1 capsid, was reported in 51.4% of cases
could interact with vaccines induced monoclonal antibodies suggesting a potential impact on the efficacy of available anti-HPV
vaccines.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major viral pathogen of commercial poultry, affecting chickens of all ages and causing major economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. Frequent points of mutations and recombination events in the S1 gene region, result in the emergence of new IBVs variants circulating in the form of several serotypes/genotypes that can be partially or poorly neutralized by current vaccines. IBV is well studied worldwide, nevertheless in African countries epidemiological and scientific data are poor and not updated.This review aims to give a current overview of IBV situation, to establish evolutionary relationship between the African variants and to list some of the potential measures to control IBV in Africa.Three S1 gene hypervariable regions were studied and compared to the reference genotypes/serotypes that found emerging in African regions. This comparison was based on phylogenetic trees, nucleotide and amino-acid sequence analysis. It clearly appears that IBV variants reported in Africa, display a low genetic relationship between them and with the majority of the reference strains emerging in neighboring countries, except the case of variants from Libya and Egypt that show a high relatedness. Also the Massachusetts serotypes were the most prevalent co-circulating Abbreviations: IBV, infectious bronchitis virus; IB, infectious bronchitis; S, spike; M, membrane; N, nucleocapsid; HVR, hyper variable region; nt, nucleotide.
Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) is the only protein that is expressed on the surface of the virus. The GP proteins play critical roles in the entry of virus into cell and in the evasion of the immune system. The GP gene transcript to membrane GP is constituted of two subunits GP1 and GP2,and the secretory GP (sGP). The main function of GP1/2 is to attach virus to target cell's membrane, whereas sGP has multiple functions on Ebola pathogenesis, such as inactivate neutrophils through CD16b causing lymphocyte apoptosis and vascular dysregulation. There are many studies that focused on better understanding the GP mechanism and aim at developing new antibodies and drugs such as VSV-EBOV, cAd3-EBO Z, rVSVN4CT1 VesiculoVax, 'C-peptide' based on the GP2 C-heptad repeat region (CHR) targeted to endosomes (Tat-Ebo) and MBX2270. In this chapter, we discuss the Ebola viral glycoproteins, genomic organization, synthesis, and their roles and functions. On the other hand, we treat the mechanisms of pathogenicity associated with Ebola GPs.
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major public health threat, annually affecting new individuals worldwide, especially those in developing countries. Rapid detection of the agent and effective treatment are two important factors in controlling this disease. Methodology: The present study aimed to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a rapid and direct molecular method for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in 70 clinical specimens (62 sputum samples, six cerebrospinal fluids, and two biopsies) using heat shock protein (hsp65) as the gene target. Automated sequencing of the same gene was used for the identification of MTB to the species level. Results: The sensitivity of PCR was 81.13%, with specificity of 88.24%; the positive and negative predictive values were 95.56% and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Based on these results, the hsp65 gene sequence can be used to differentiate the members of MTB complex from nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM).
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