BackgroundInterleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are key mediators of the intracapsular pathological conditions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Therefore, the gene expression profiles in synovial fibroblast-like cells (SFCs) from patients with internal derangement of the TMJ were examined after they were stimulated with IL-1β or TNF-α to determine which genes were altered.MethodsRibonucleic acid was isolated from SFCs after IL-1β or TNF-α treatment. Gene expression profiling was performed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis. On the basis of the results of this assay, we investigated the kinetics of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) gene expression using PCR, and protein production in TMJ SFCs stimulated by IL-1β or TNF-α using an ELISA. Inhibition experiments were performed with MAPK and NFκB inhibitors. SFCs were stimulated with IL-1β or TNF-α after treatment with inhibitors. The MIP-3α levels were measured using an ELISA.ResultsMacrophage inflammatory protein-3α was the gene most upregulated by IL-1β- or TNF-α stimulation. The mRNA and protein levels of MIP-3α increased in response to IL-1β in a time-dependent manner. In contrast, during TNF-α stimulation, the MIP-3α mRNA levels peaked at 4 h, and the protein levels peaked at 8 h. In addition, the IL-1β- and TNF-α-stimulated MIP-3α production was potently reduced by the MAPK and NFκB signaling pathway inhibitors.ConclusionInterleukin-1β and TNF-α increased the MIP-3α production in SFCs via the MAPK and NFκB pathways. These results suggest that the production of MIP-3α from stimulation with IL-1β or TNF-α is one factor associated with the inflammatory progression of the internal derangement of the TMJ.
Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the management of pain and inflammation. However, little remains known about the effects of NSAIDs on synovitis of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The aims of this study were to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs on synovitis of the TMJ and the inflammatory effects of PGE2 on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from the TMJ.Methods Human synovial tissue was obtained from patients with internal derangement who underwent arthroscopy of the TMJ. FLSs were prepared from the tissues using the outgrowth method. A COX inhibitor (indomethacin or celecoxib) was added to the IL-1β-stimulated cells in culture. The cells were also stimulated with PGE2 or an EP agonist. The PGE2 production and COX-2 and IL-6 expression levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, real-time PCR, and a microarray analysis.Results COX inhibitors decreased not only PGE2 production, but also the expression of COX-2 and IL-6 in FLS stimulated with IL-1β. EP2 and EP4 were both expressed in the FLS, and the treatment with EP2 and EP4 agonists induced IL-6 production in these cells.Conclusion The COX inhibitors indomethacin and celecoxib reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, such as COX-2 and IL-6, in FLS from the TMJ via suppression of PGE2 production. EP2 and EP4 were the main receptors for PGE2 present in the FLS. The approach used in this study may be useful for revealing how drugs such as NSAIDs affect the cellular functions of FLS from the TMJ.
Synovial fibroblasts contribute to the inflammatory temporomandibular joint under pathogenic stimuli. Synovial fibroblasts and T cells participate in the perpetuation of joint inflammation in a mutual activation feedback, via secretion of cytokines and chemokines that stimulate each other. IL-17 is an inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by Th17 cells which plays critical role in the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the roles of IL-17A in temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) using genome-wide analysis of synovial fibroblasts isolated from patients with TMD. IL-17 receptors were expressed in synovial fibroblasts as assessed using real-time PCR. Microarray analysis indicated that IL-17A treatment of synovial fibroblasts upregulated the expression of IL-6 and chemokines. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of IL-6, CXCL1, IL-8, and CCL20 was significantly higher in IL-17A-treated synovial fibroblasts compared to nontreated controls. IL-6 protein production was increased by IL-17A in a time- and a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, IL-17A simulated IL-6 protein production in synovial fibroblasts samples isolated from three patients. Furthermore, signal inhibitor experiments indicated that IL-17-mediated induction of IL-6 was transduced via activation of NFκB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. These results suggest that IL-17A is associated with the inflammatory progression of TMD.
The synovial membrane is composed of fibroblast-like cells (synovial fibroblasts) and macrophage-like cells. Synovial fibroblasts and monocytes/macrophages are believed to interact and to play a critical role in the development of synovial inflammation. In this study, we investigated the protein production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in co-culture of synovial fibroblasts isolated from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and monocytes isolated from peripheral blood. Monocytes that had attached to the plastic surface after culture for 3 days in RPMI containing 10% FBS, exhibited two types of morphologies:ʠfried eggʡandʠspindle-likeʡ . Both types of monocytes stained positive for the macrophagespecific markers CD14 and CD68. Synovial fibroblasts were co-cultured with these monocytes for 12 days. Synovial fibroblasts or monocytes were also cultured alone for 12 days. The conditioned media were collected every 3 days, following which fresh medium was added to each culture. The protein concentrations of IL-1 , IL-6, and IL-8 in the conditioned media were measured using ELISA. The protein production of IL-1 , IL-6 and IL-8 was greatly increased in the co-culture of synovial fibroblasts and monocytes compared to each monoculture. These data suggest that interaction between monocytes/ macrophages and synovial fibroblasts is likely to contribute to the promotion of, and to increase the inflammatory condition in the TMJ.
IL-1 and TNF-are proinflammatory cytokines that affect inflammatory responses and matrix degradation. Although interleukin-1 (IL-1 )and tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-) have been detected in the synovial fluids from patients such as temporomandibular joint disorders(TMD), there is little known about the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory conditions of TMD. To identify putative factors associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation, we investigated IL-1 and/or TNF--responsive genes of synovial fibroblasts from patients with TMD using microarray analysis. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF)was one of the genes whose expression was strongly up-regulated in synovial fibroblasts by IL-1 and/or TNF-. The gene expressions of macrophage colony stimulating factor(M-CSF)and Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were also up-regulated by IL-1 and/or TNF-. Gene expression and protein production of GM-CSF and G-CSF, but not of M-CSF, were synergistically increased in synovial fibroblasts stimulated with IL-1 and TNF-. M-CSF protein was only detected in the conditioned medium of the non-stimulated control in which GM-CSF and G-CSF were not detected. In addition, MAPK and NF B inhibitors inhibited IL-1 and TNF-stimulated production of GM-CSF and M-CSF. CSFs act on hemopoietic cells as growth factors and activation/differentiation factors. These results suggest that expression of CSFs in synovial fibroblasts stimulated by IL-1 and/or TNF-is one factor associated with inflammatory progression of the intracapsular pathological conditions of the TMJ.
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