Initially, corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation was a voluntary commitment of the company to the environment and to society. However, nowadays, the implementation of CSR becomes a corporate obligation. The obligation to implement CSR can influence all stakeholders and be influenced by the company’s business operations. Based on the phenomenon of obligation and increasing implementation of CSR in coal mining companies by using theoretical foundations laid by Gregory, Tharyan, and Whittaker (2014) and Crisóstomo, de Souza Freire, and Cortes de Vasconcellos (2011). The purpose of this research is to explore CSR practices and their impact on firm value to business sustainability in coal companies in the East Kalimantan Province. This research is designed and presented with qualitative methods, to explore and understand the meaning. The results show CSR practices of coal companies are not only to comply with applicable laws and regulations, but they also intend to create long-term positive impacts for stakeholders from stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and social contract theory points of view. This is because CSR practices are focused on responsibility towards the society or community. Moreover, this research is expected to be used in increasing knowledge and meaning regarding the application of CSR in strategic management in dealing with good corporate governance.

This study aimed to investigate the critical aspects of Indonesia’s local government budget structure. The impact of the budget on local fiscal autonomy was also examined by separating the sample of provinces in Java Island and Bali versus Non-Java Island and Bali. The unbalanced panel data was collected on 34 Indonesian provinces from 2013 to 2020. The results showed that locally-generated revenue and general allocation funds positively affect the regional fiscal autonomy index. These results indicate that local revenue and general allocation funds have improved regional fiscal autonomy. When the provincial sample is separated, general allocation funds positively and significantly affect the regional fiscal autonomy index in the provinces of Java Island and Bali. Furthermore, locally-generated revenue, as well as general allocation and profit-sharing funds, play a significant role in increasing the regional fiscal autonomy index in provinces outside Java and Bali, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. These findings suggest that different geographical conditions and infrastructure have varying effects on encouraging regional fiscal autonomy. This study invites policymakers to address the strengthening of regional authority to explore income sources and budgeting quality and evaluate intergovernmental fiscal relationships. AcknowledgmentThe authors express gratitude to the three anonymous reviewers and seminar attendees at Mulawarman University for their insightful comments.

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