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This study was conducted to determine the potential nutritive value and in vitro gas production (IVGP) parameters of Olea europaea L. (Olive = OL), Morus alba L. (Mulberry = ML) and Citrus aurantium L. (Sour orange = SOL) tree leaves. Hohenheim gas test was used to determine the in vitro gas productions of the leaves. The gas production of samples over time was recorded for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after incubation. Completely Randomized Design was used to compare gas production, and gas production kinetics of samples. The findings of the present study suggested that there were differences among the tree leaves in terms of crude protein, NDF, in vitro gas productions, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) and relative feed values (RFV) (P<0.01). ML had the highest condensed tannin contents (P<0.05), in vitro gas production (IVGP), OMD and energy values (P<0.01). SOL had highest RFV values. OL showed the lowest IVGP when compared to SOL and ML. Low NDF and ADF contents of SOL would probably increase the voluntary intake, digestibility and relative feed values of these leaves by ruminants. In conclusion, it was determined that OL, ML and SOL used in the study have low in vitro gas production and can be utilized as alternative roughage feed in ruminants. However, it is recommended that the results obtained from this research should be tested in in vivo studies.

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Bu çalışma, Kastamonu ili sınırları içinde küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğine yer veren işletmelerin durumlarının belirlenmesi, mevcut sorunların ve çözüm önerilerinin ortaya konulması amacıyla 63 farklı köyden toplam 80 işletmede anket çalışması uygulanarak yapılmıştır. İşletme sahiplerinin yaş ortalaması 49,3 olup yetiştiricilerin %68,75'i ilkokul, %8,75'i ortaokul mezunu %22,6'sı da okur-yazar değildir. İşletme sahiplerinin %31,25'i kişisel+devlet arazisinde, %68,75'i kişisel+kiraladığı arazilerde yetiştiricilik yapmaktadır. İşletmelerin %70'i Kıl Keçisi, %30'u Tiftik Keçisi ve %55'i Merinos, %42,5'i Karaman, %16,25'i Türkmen Varyetesi, %7,5'i Sakız ve %6,25'i de Kıvırcık ırkı bulundurmaktadır. İşletmelerde ortalama sürü büyüklüğü keçide 77,3 baş ve koyunda 71,7 baştır. Yetiştiricilerin %60'ı hayvanlarını 8-10 ay merada bulundurmakta ve sadece %30'u ek bir yemleme yapmaktadır. İşletmelerin %31,2'sinde doğum bölmesi ve %92,5'inde de yavru büyütme bölmesi mevcuttur. İşletmelerin tamamında koruyucu aşı yaptırılırken, dezenfeksiyon sadece %73,7'sinde yapılmaktadır. Yetiştiricilerin çoğunluğunun küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğini tercih etme sebebi geçime katkı+alışkanlık şeklindedir ve dolayısıyla sürü büyüklükleri de düşüktür (74,5 baş). Sonuç olarak Kastamonu ilinde genç nüfus küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğine teşvik edilerek, yetiştiricilere teknik, ekonomik destekler sağlanmalı ve yetiştiricilik konusunda eğitici seminerler verilmelidir. Tek geçim kaynağı olarak ve daha büyük sürüler şeklinde yapılacak bir yetiştiricilik ile gelecekte küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliği daha fazla gelişme gösterebilir. This study was conducted by using a survey made at 80 enterprises from 63 villages with the aim of determining situations, problems and solution proposals related to the sheep and goat farms in Kastamonu province. The average age of the farmers was 49.3 years. The farmers were 8.75% of primary school graduates, 68.75% of secondary school and also 22.6% of illiterate. The enterprises have raised animals as 31.75% of state + own land and 68.75%' of private + leased land. Also they are kept the rate of 70% Hair goat, 30% Angora goat and 55% Merino sheep, 42.5% Akkaraman sheep, and 16.25% Turkmen genotype, 7.5% Sakız sheep and 6.25% of Kıvırcık Sheep. The average flock sizes goat and sheep enterprises were 77.3 head goats and 71.7 heads sheep, respectively. Sixty percent of the breeder feed their animals on the pasture for 8-10 months and only 30% the breeders give supplementary feeding before and during mating period. The enterprises have 31.2% parturition chamber and 92.5% lamb growth areas. While all enterprises are routinely used to protective vaccines but only used disinfectant of 73.7% enterprises. The reason of sheep and goat breeders is majority contributions of income and habits. So, flock sizes are small (74.5 heads animal). In conclusion, young people by encouraging small animal farming in the province of Kastamonu, should be given to technical, economic support and educational seminars. In the future, as the...

Karayaka sheep breed has high meat quality but low litter size. The sheep breeders believe that high prolificacy has a negative influence on lamb growth rate and survivability in this breed. This study was conducted to investigate twinning potential as well as the effect of birth type on birth weight, weaning weight, market productivity and survivability until weaning in Karayaka sheep during 2011-2012 years. And also, it was aimed to determine the repeatibility of twinning potential in selected ewes. A total of 60 ewes (3-4 aged) were collected from private sheep farms according to their own birth type and their mothers' birth type in 2010. Ewes born as twins were mated with rams born as twins. The conception rate, return rate, twinning rate, triplet rate and lamb mortality rate at weaning were determined as 100, 16.22, 52.25, 3.60 and 10.73%, respectively, as mean of 2 years. The lamb weaning weights (90 days) according to birth type and gender were determined as 22.18±0.77 (singles), 21.26±0.51 (twins), 20.38±2.82 kg (triplets), 21.85±1.80 (males) and 20.70±0.83 kg (females) While lamb birth weights were affected by birth type, the weaning weights were affected by gender (P<0.05). Generally, market productivities of multiple born ewes were higher than those of single born ewes (21.30 vs 37.18 kg, P<0.001). Consequently, this study shows that in selected ewes in the direction of twinning, the twin birth tendency is high.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of some factors (sex, birth type, farm type, birth weight and weighting time) on weaning weight through CART and CHAID data mining algorithms. The classification and regression trees are modern analytic techniques that construct tree-based data-mining algorithms. Regression trees are used for the purpose of preliminary selection of the traits affecting the continuous dependent variable. The studied data were consisted of 366 records from Karayaka sheep breed. The CHAID algorithms results revealed that; predictors such as weighting time, sex and farm type statistically influenced weaning weight Regression tree diagram constructed by CART algorithm depicted that birth type was effect the weaning weight, and in this tree weighting time of single born lambs was affected the birth type. The predicted values and original values were correlated (P<0.05). As a result, it could be suggested that CHAID algorithm was found more useful biologically than CART. CART ve CHAID Algoritmalarının Karayaka Koyun Islahında KullanımıÖz Bu çalışma, sütten kesim ağırlığı üzerime bazı faktörlerin (cinsiyet, doğum tipi, işletme tipi, doğu ağırlığı ve ölçüm zamanı) CART ve CHAID veri madenciliği algoritmaları ile belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağaçları veri madenciliği kapsamında olan modern analitik yöntemler sınıfında yer almaktadır. Regresyon ağaçları, sürekli bağımlı değişkeni etkileyen özelliklerin ön seçimi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada Karayaka koyun ırkına ait 366 kayıt veri olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; CHAID algoritmasına göre ölçüm zamanı, cinsiyet ve işletme tipi sütten kesim ağırlığı üzerinde önemli derecede etkili bulunmuştur. CART algoritmasına ait sonuçlar ise sütten kesim ağırlığı üzerine doğum tipinin etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu ağaçta tekiz kuzuların ölçüm zamanının doğum tipinden etkilendiği anlaşılmıştır. Tahmin edilen ve gözlenen değerler yüksek ilişkili bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak, CHAID algoritmasının CART algoritmasına göre biyolojik olarak daha kullanışlı olduğu belirlenmiştir.