This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of the epidemic spread and the role of the physical, social, and economic characteristics in this spreading. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was built within a GIS environment using infection data monitored by the Iraqi Ministry of Health records for 10 months from March to December 2020. The factors adopted in this model are the size of urban interaction areas and human gatherings, movement level and accessibility, and the volume of public services and facilities that attract people. The results show that it would be possible to deal with each administrative unit in proportion to its circumstances in light of the factors that appear in it. So, there will not be a single treatment for all areas with different urban characteristics, which sometimes helps not to stop social and economic life due to the imposition of a comprehensive ban on movement and activities. Therefore, there will be other supportive policies other than the ban, depending on the urban indicators for each region, such as reducing external movement from it or relying on preventing public activities only.

The assessment of changes in land use and land cover in the city of Najaf is important because of changes in government structures, wars, the economic blockade over the past decades, migration and increased population growth at the present time and the historical and religious importance it possesses, where this study aims to simulate the spatial temporal changes of the city of Najaf by applying the Land Change Modeler (LCM) model IDRISI program, For the time period (1986-2016). The results indicated a change in the use of land by increasing the area of residential use and services and the expansion of the city to the north and northwest, with a small increase in agricultural land at the expense of vacant land. The model also outlines future land uses for the year 2036, Knowing the direction of future growth helps decision-makers to amend and develop new plans to achieve sustainable urban development and protect historical sites.

For the redevelopment of urban form and structure for any city, we should search for agent’s movement attraction places to identify their predilection to these places that can be called urban attraction nodes, these nodes has the most important and effective role in rearranging the urban structure and how to invest it in the right direction, by using spatial analysis methods (i.e. space syntax and geographic information system (GIS) tools) we can identify these attraction nodes and use them in the urban structure redevelopment process. As a case study, Al-Adhamiya urban structure is analyzed using these methods. From the analysis steps we can conclude that (Antar bin shaddad square (no.1), The Royal Cemetery (no.2), Abu Hanifa mosque (no.4), Corniche (no.7), Al delal square (no.9)) are the most significant features which are considered as important attraction nodes, so these features aid to organize the urban structure of Al-Adhamiya district, and the streets that lead to these attraction nodes are the most important participants in the reforming process of these attraction nodes.

The aim of the research is to deepen the preparation and early warning of all types of disasters, natural and artificial ones, considering the scarcity of resources and the difficulty of acting during and after disasters. The research discussed the mechanism of preparedness at various stages of disasters and the justification for including such a practical plan. A historical background was presented, the most important terms of disaster reduction were defined. The research also clearly discussed a vision of the disaster reduction effect from a purely environmental point of view. Many disasters are caused by excessive human exploitation of the environment or neglect of environmental resources. Which led to the inability of some ecosystems to withstand, therefore, collapsed and the disaster occurred. The practical part, questioner was designed to assess the potential of Local Government and individuals to plan ahead, especially with the recent threat of flood, earthquakes and wars. The findings showed that there should be more efforts to cope the deficit in the adoption of mechanisms of disaster risk reduction in the stages (before - after - during) at the institutional and community level. The second area of the practical part included the review of the experiences of 10 countries that had experienced natural disasters or wars and the impact of these crises on them compared with their readiness, infrastructure and social awareness. Data were introduced in the linear regression model and an inverse relationship was found between the inclusion of plans and the extent of damage caused by the disaster. The greater the readiness, the less harm and vice versa, which proves the hypothesis of research.

The main reason for our endeavour to present syntheses and rehabilitate the tomb of Yahia Abu Al Qasim is to try to insert this area within the boundaries of the heritage area of the old Mosul area. Previous studies were defined the old city according to the boundaries of the main streets surrounding the urban fabric, while in the usual contexts we see that the boundaries of the heritage and historical area are within the historical wall, this is because the heritage values of space confined between the urban fabric and the wall are not less than the building part. The district of Yahia Abu Al Qasim was considered outside the heritage area because the area is defined by the path of the dividing street between the heritage area and the new area in Mosul, rather than the old wall route. Based on the concept of containment of the river by the historic Nineveh on the left side and the old Mosul on the right side, describing this area by butterfly shape and each part of it represents a wing, and to confirm that it was necessary to have every wing entity and areas of polar growth, (Polar Development); and a spine connecting the poles with a filtration area between the old and the new, so we find that this study may complement the high level and functional for previous studies. The re-designation of the importance of the shrine through spatial analysis will re define the historical dimension of old city by adopting the matching maps and satellite images available for that.