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Objective To assess the levels of adrenomedullin (a vasodilatory peptide) in penile blood before and after injection with papaverine in impotent men, and in the internal spermatic vein in infertile patients with varicocele, comparing the results with levels in the brachial vein in the same patients. Patients and methods Intracavernosal levels of adrenomedullin were determined in 14 impotent men (with no vascular pathology, as assessed by colour Doppler ultrasonography) before and after papaverine-induced penile erection. The effect of needle puncture alone was assessed in eight control patients. The level of adrenomedullin was also measured in the internal spermatic vein and brachial vein in 14 infertile men with varicocele. Results The mean (SD) intracavernosal adrenomedullin levels in the 14 impotent men were signi®cantly different between the¯accid and papaverine-induced erectile state, at 93.5 (33.0) and 135.8 (34.9) pmol/ mL, respectively, (P<0.05). Needle puncture alone had no effect on adrenomedullin levels. In men with varicocele, the adrenomedullin level of 139.0 (34.3) pmol/mL within the internal spermatic vein was signi®cantly higher than that in the brachial vein, at 103.9 (37.6) pmol/mL (P<0.05). Conclusion Injection with papaverine increases adrenomedullin release into penile blood; this release may be responsible for the increase in penile blood¯ow and penile erection. Higher levels of adrenomedullin within the internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele may result from the retrograde¯ow of venous blood from the left adrenal gland and kidney. Further studies are needed to determine the role of adrenomedullin in male infertility and impotence.

Villous adenomas are common lesions of the gastrointestinal tract but they are rarely located in the urinary tract including the urinary bladder. There are a few case reports and series in the literature. Here we report a 43-year-old male patient who had a polypoid lesion located on the left lateral wall of the urinary bladder. Transurethral resection was performed. The diagnosis was ‘villous adenoma of urinary bladder’ with clinical and histopathological findings.Villous adenomas are mostly seen in elderly males. The coexistence of villous adenoma with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma was observed but there is not clear evidence about progression to carcinoma, in spite of its colonic counterpart. Generally complete surgical resection is accepted as curative but there are no exact data about follow-up and recurrence. By presenting this case, we aim to emphasize that it is a rare but important lesion because of coexistence with malignancies and uncertain malignant potential.

Penile fracture is a relatively rare condition. We report an unusual case of the bilateral disruption of the corpus cavernosum with complete urethral rupture resulting from blunt trauma during sexual intercourse. The subject underwent emergency surgery with preservation of erectile and voiding functions in the follow-up.

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Ion probe dating is used to determine the relative ages of amphibolite-facies meta-clastic sedimentary rocks and crosscutting granitoid rocks within an important 'basement' outcrop in northwestern Turkey. U-Pb ages of 89 detrital zircon grains separated from sillimanite-garnet micaschist from the Central Sakarya basement terrane range from 551 Ma (Ediacaran) to 2738 Ma (Neoarchean). Eighty fi ve percent of the ages are 90-110% concordant. Zircon populations cluster at ~550-750 Ma (28 grains), ~950-1050 Ma (27 grains) and ~2000 Ma (5 grains), with smaller groupings at ~800 Ma and ~1850 Ma. Th e fi rst, prominent, population (late Neoproterozoic) refl ects derivation from a source area related to a Cadomian-Avalonian magmatic arc, or the East African orogen. An alternative Baltica-related origin is unlikely because Baltica was magmatically inactive during much of this period. Th e early Neoproterozoic ages (0.9-1.0 Ga) deviate signifi cantly from the known age spectra of Cadomian terranes and are instead consistent with derivation from northeast Africa. Th e detrital zircon age spectrum of the Sakarya basement is similar to that of Cambrian-Ordovician sandstones along the northern periphery of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (Elat sandstones). A sample of crosscutting pink alkali feldspar-rich granitoid yielded an age of 324.3±1.5 Ma, whilst a grey, well-foliated biotite granitoid was dated at 327.2±1.9 Ma. A granitoid body with biotite and amphibole yielded an age of 319.5±1.1 Ma. Th e granitoid magmatism could thus have persisted for ~8 Ma during late Early Carboniferous time, possibly related to subduction or collision of a Central Sakarya terrane with the Eurasian margin. Th e Central Sakarya terrane is likely to have rift ed during the Early Palaeozoic; i.e. relatively early compared to other Eastern Mediterranean, inferred 'Minoan terranes' and then accreted to the Eurasian margin, probably during Late Palaeozoic time. Th e diff erences in detrital zircon populations suggest that the Central Sakarya terrane was not part of the source area of Lower Carboniferous clastic sediments of the now-adjacent İstanbul terrane, consistent with these two tectonic units being far apart during Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic time.

Prostat kanseri erkeklerde en sık görülen solid kanser türüdür ve tanı aldığında %91'i prostata sınırlıdır. Daha az görülen organ dışına yayılım, cerrahi sonrası, cerrahi sınır pozitifliği gibi riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Cerrahi sonrası patoloji spesimeninde saptanan cerrahi sınır pozitifliği olan hastalarda tedavide radyoterapi (RT) çok önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu derleme, radyoterapinin cerrahi sınır pozitifliği olan prostat kanserli hastalardaki yeri ve yapılmış çalışmalar hakkında bilgiler içermektedir.

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