Bud necrosis (BN) is a common disorder that affects Vitis vinifera L. and reduces its potential yield. to minimize the losses caused by Bn, the double pruning management was applied in Brazilian Southeast vineyards. in this management strategy plants are pruned at the winter to promote a vegetative cycle and then, at summer, to promote the reproductive cycle at optimal environmental conditions. to investigate the relationship of Bn and the double pruning management RnA-seq libraries were sequenced from healthy and necrotic tissues at four different stages of the year. The comparison of differentially expressed genes in necrotic and non-necrotic tissues showed an enhanced expression of genes related to cell death possibly induced by endophytic microorganisms in the necrotic tissues. the de novo assembly, characterization and quantification of transcripts within the RNA-seq libraries showed that genes from the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata, responsible for the production of toxic compounds were highly expressed under BN. Here we propose a model in which unfavorable conditions and reduced carbohydrate levels in buds can promote the switch from a biotrophic lifestyle to a necrotrophic lifestyle in the endophytic fungi, which seems to be involved in the development of Bn. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an important horticultural crop with a large variety of derived products. Its berries can be consumed as fresh or dried fruits and also used for the production of juices, liquors and wines. One of the main factors affecting grape production worldwide is the occurrence of a disorder known as primary Bud Necrosis (BN) 1,2. This disorder is widespread and has been reported to occur in Australia 2 , United States 3 , Japan 4 , Iran 5 , Europe 6 and Brazil 7 leading to reduction of yield potential. Primary BN is characterized by the death of the primary buds, considered to be the most productive. Secondary and tertiary buds often derive shoots believed to be less fruitful and with smaller clusters 2. BN is difficult to be diagnosed once buds may appear healthy externally for a long time and at this condition, a dissection analysis of the buds under an stereomicroscope can detect it 2. Under primary BN, photoassimilates will be diverted to the less fruitful buds 8. The causes of BN in grapevines, including the necrosis of the primary, secondary and tertiary buds, are still unknown. Its incidence can vary according to the vineyard, location, year and cultivar 2. Many explanations are being proposed to be the cause of this phenomenon including high shoot vigor 2,8-11 , influence of gibberellins 4 , high temperature 1 , vigor of the rootstocks 1 , canopy shading 3,12 and reduced carbohydrate levels 1,9. Even low temperature might be attributed as the cause 13. However, it is still unknown if, and how, all these factors interact to promote BD in different environmental conditions.
A avaliação do comportamento de novas cultivares de videiras destinadas à elaboração de vinhos é importante no sentido de se melhorar a qualidade dos vinhos produzidos no sul de Minas Gerais. Neste sentido, avaliaram-se alguns híbridos de videiras tradicionais e de novas obtenções, nas condições de cultivo de Caldas, Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas oito cultivares, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto RR 101-14, conduzidas em espaldeira. As avaliações foram efetuadas no período de 1999 a 2002 e constituíram-se de anotações dos estádios fenológicos de brotação, floração e maturação, da produção e qualidade dos frutos, além da incidência de antracnose e míldio. O ciclo entre brotação e colheita oscilou entre 147 e 169 dias, destacando 'Seyve Villard 5276' como o ciclo de menor duração e 'Seibel 10173' como o ciclo mais longo. As colheitas mais precoces foram 'G 159 OC 32258', 'G 159 OC 32458' e 'Seyve Villard 5276', enquanto as mais tardias foram as variedades 'Moscato Embrapa' e 'Baco blanc'. As maiores produções foram registradas para 'Couderc 13' (10,31 kg.pl-1), 'Baco blanc' (9,02 kg.pl-1), 'Moscato Embrapa' (7,66 kg.pl-1) e 'Villenave' (5,66 kg.pl-1) e as menores para 'G 159 OC 32258' (2,97 kg.pl-1) e 'Seibel 10173' (3,20 kg.pl-1). Os índices médios de sólidos solúveis totais oscilaram entre 14,63 e 19,23 ºBrix, respectivamente, para as cultivares 'Couderc 13' e 'G 159 OC 32258', e os valores de acidez total variaram de 91,7 meq.L-1 a 153,2 meq.L-1, respectivamente, para as cultivares 'Baco blanc' e 'Seibel 10173'.
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