Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining mainstream adoption as more countries introduce netzero carbon targets for the near future. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, the most commonly used energy storage technology in EVs, are temperature sensitive, and their performance degradates at low operating temperatures due to increased internal resistance. The existing literature on EV-power grid studies assumes that EVs are used under "perfect temperatures" (e.g. 21 Celsius) and temperature-related issues are ignored. In addition, most of the countries/regions with high EV penetration (e.g. Norway, Canada, northern parts of the US and China, etc.) experience harsh cold months, making it extremely critical to understand EV performance and consequently their impacts on the electrical power networks. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature that considers the combined investigation of Li-ion battery technology and power networks, with a focus on their operation under suboptimal weather conditions. More specifically, we review: (i) the impact of low temperatures on the electrochemical performance of EV batteries in parking, charging and driving modes, (ii) the challenges experienced by EVs during charging and associated performance degradation, and (iii) the additional impacts of EV charging on the power networks. Our analysis shows that there are serious research gaps in literature and industry applications, which may hinder mass EV adoption and cause delays in charging station roll-out.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicles, Li-ion battery, low temperatures, power grid impacts, power quality.
Nomenclature
The drivetrain components of an electric vehicle can be utilized to obtain an on-board battery charger (OBC) to save cost, volume and weight. Many integrated OBC topologies have been proposed in the past years, which involve a wide range of machine types, inverter topologies, and power levels. None of these ideas provide a universally acceptable alternative due to the disadvantages they inherit. Therefore, "drivetrain integrated on-board chargers" is still an interesting research topic.In this paper a single-phase, zero-torque integrated on-board charger control method, which utilizes the machine inductance very effectively and requires minimal intrusion to an existing drivetrain design with a 3-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machine and a three-phase inverter for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles is investigated.
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