ASDH is associated with high mortality. GCS score and the thickness of the ASDH are important predictors of mortality. Age, additional trauma, and interval between trauma and hospital admission are major predictive factors for mortality.

The results of this study demonstrated that melatonin reduced the harmful effects of RAI treatment on the liver. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities are likely to be involved in the mechanism underlying the radio-protective effects of melatonin (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 30).

AIm: Surgical approaches to the pituitary have undergone numerous refinements over the last 100 years. The fully endoscopic transsphenoidal approach has gained widespread use all around the world. We report the results of a consecutive series of patients who underwent pituitary surgery using a pure endoscopic endonasal approach and the results of the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this procedure. mAterIAl and methOds:We retrospectively reviewed the hospital database of 80 consecutive pituitary adenomas that were resected with the purely endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal technique. results:The preoperative clinical condition of the patients, hormone profile, visual field, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings, and the Hardy-Vezina and Knosp scores were evaluated and revealed the importance of the parameters for surgery. Surgical technique, postoperative clinical condition of the patients, hormone profile, complications and follow-up period were reviewed. BulGulAr: Hastaların preoperatif klinik durumu, hormon profili, görme alanı, bilgisayarlı tomografi ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme bulguları, Hardy-Vezina ve Knosp skorları değerlendirilerek cerrahideki önemleri tartışıldı. Uygulanan cerrahi teknik, hastaların postoperatif klinik durumu, hormon profili, komplikasyonlar ve takip süreci değerlendirildi. sOnuÇ: Endoskopik hipofiz cerrahisinin güvenli ve etkin bir tedavi yöntemi olduğu kanaatine varıldı.

ABSTRACToxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are generated during ethanol metabolism, causing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles (1,6,18,21).Mitochondria are major targets for ethanol toxicity in the liver, brain, heart, skeletal muscles, and exocrine pancreas (4). Ramachandran et al (23) showed in their study that utilized cultured fetal rat cortical neurons that ethanol elicits a rapid onset of oxidative stress, which culminates in mitochondrial mediated apoptotic cell death. Animal studies have found that long-term ethanol intoxication is not necessary to cause brain █ INTRODUCTION E thanol, is a colorless liquid with the structural formula CH 3 CH 2 OH, often abbreviated as C 2 H 5 OH or C 2 H 6 O. It is also used as a psychoactive drug and is one of the oldest recreational drugs still used by humans. Ethanol can cause alcohol intoxication when consumed.Alcoholic patients can develop not only liver lesions but also pancreatitis, brain damage, peripheral neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and skeletal muscle myopathy (18,23). Reactive AIm: Ethanol causes oxidative degradation of the mitochondrial genome in the brain. This effect could contribute to the development of brain injury in some alcoholic patients. We investigated the protective effect of caffeic acid phenyl esther (CAPE) and intralipid (IL) on oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced by ethanol intake. mATERIAl and mEThODS:The forty-eight rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Ethanol was administered for acute toxicity. IL and CAPE were administered immediately after ethanol intake. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative status index (OSi) were evaluated and histologic examination of cerebellum and brain tissue with Hematoxylin-Eosin and immuno-histochemical dyes was performed. RESUlTS:In the ethanol group, TAS levels were significantly lower than the other groups and this finding indicates that the toxic effect of ethanol reduces antioxidant levels. In the ethanol group, TOS levels were significantly higher than the other groups. These results showed that ethanol induced oxidative stress. IL treatment increased TAS levels, and CAPE decreased TOS levels against ethanol toxicity. There was correlation between TAS and TOS levels. Also, histopathologic results confirmed these biochemical results.CONClUSION: CAPE and IL treatment could be effective course of therapy to enhance therapeutic efficacy and may provide a promising approach for the treatment of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by ethanol in clinic.

AIm: Spongostan™ is a sterile, water-insoluble, porcine gelatin absorbable sponge, which is widely used as a hemostatic material. The aim of this study is to test the anti-fibrotic capacity of Spongostan™, using a craniotomy model in an experimental rabbit model. mAterIAl and methOds: Eighteen rabbits were divided into two groups: Each group consisted of 9 rabbits, duratomy plus Spongostan™ (group 1), and duratomy without Spongostan™ (group 2). Right parietal bone was removed via trephine and low speed drill and dura was opened. On the group 1 rabbits, an appropriate piece of Spongostan™ was meticulously placed under dural layer. On group 2 rabbits, same procedures were repeated without Spongostan™. Histological sections were taken from each group and evaluated for degree of fibrosis and collagen fibers. results:There was marked increase in number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers in group 2 rabbits, however most of the rabbits in Spongostan™ group demonstrate scarce histopathological findings for fibrosis. COnClusIOn:We conclude that an appropriately placed subdural Spongostan™ over cerebral tissue may prevent postoperative surgical adhesions after neurosurgical operations.

BACKGROUND:Head trauma is associated with a significant risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula.

No abstract

No abstract