The production of extracellular amylase was investigated employing our laboratory isolate, Aspergillus niger sp. MK 07 and effect of process variables on enzyme production, was studied in a fermentor. It was found that amylase production was maximum when the fermentor volume was maintained at 70%, rate of agitation at 250 rpm, air supply at 2.5 vvm, inoculum concentration of 10%, and a pH of 5.0. Highest enzyme production obtained under all optimized conditions was 1734 U/mL with sucrose as carbon substrate and corn steep liquor as nitrogen source. Enzyme purification studies by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-100 chromatography was evaluated for obtaining purified enzyme. Thermostability of amylase were evaluated with varying concentrations from 0.2 to 0.5 M concentrations of calcium chloride and the highest activity obtained was 3115 U/mL with 0.3 M calcium chloride at 55°C. Effect of temperature and pH on the activity of purified enzyme was evaluated and the purified enzyme showed an activity till 75°C and a pH of 6.5. Application potential of partially purified alpha amylase on desizing of cotton cloth was evaluated with varying enzyme concentrations from 50 to 500 U/mL and the highest desizing activity was found to be at 300 U/mL.
This paper presents the effect of pressure dam parameters on the static and dynamic characteristics of two lobe pressure dam bearing. The modified Reynolds equation is derived on the basis of micropolar fluid theory. The Galerkin approach of finite element method has been used to solve modified Reynold's equation for carrying out the performance characteristics. The characteristics, which have been calculated for a wide range of dam parameters, have been found to be greatly influenced with the variation of the micropolar parameters. Effect of various dam locations is presented on two micropolar parameter, coupling number (N2) which couples the linear and angular momentum equation, arising the micro rotational effect of the suspended particles in the fluid and characteristics length (lm) which represents the interaction between the micropolar fluid and the film gap.
The rapid technological advances in the field of biotechnology have resulted in the formulation of effective and robust regulatory policy frameworks by different countries to ensure the safety of the products that are being developed through the application of genome editing techniques both in terms of environment and health safety perspectives. With over two and half decades of use of products derived from the application of genetic engineering technologies, this technology has stemmed the emergence of an even more advanced and precise targeted technology to address the most complicated and intrinsic challenges in a more precise manner which is now considered as Genome Editing. It is astounding to note that, at a time when several nations were debating and discussing the regulatory hurdles regarding the regulation of this technology, India has emerged as one nation with a clear policy framework with well-defined definitions in Rules 1989 itself, wherein, the definition of Gene Technology and Genetic Engineering clearly states that any alteration in the genome needs to be regulated and accordingly, India needs to regulate the products that would be developed through this novel genome editing technology. However, recognizing the global developments and after a thorough assessment of safety aspects, India, in the year 2022 promulgated the “ Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Genome Edited Plants” wherein, it is explicitly detailed that products that are derived from SDN-1 and SDN-2 techniques and which are free of exogenous, introduced the DNA that is exempted from the provisions of Rules 7 to 11 (both inclusive) of the above said Rules 1989 and products derived from SDN-3 would be regulated as per provisions of Rules, 1989. If required, the concerned regulatory agencies may stipulate additional safety evaluation tests through better risk evaluation methodologies and a greater number of laboratories could also be set up along with empowering the human resource capacities for undertaking such state-of-the-art and precise techniques for the development of safe and beneficial products for the public without compromising on the safety.
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