Breast lesions are very common among Indians, being the 2nd most common cancer site. Diagnosis of breast lesions is routinely done by triple assessment. FNAC and Core needle biopsy (CNB) being the method of choice for Pathological diagnosis. Objectives: Are to compare sensitivity and specificity of FNAC and CNB in diagnosing breast lesions and to evaluate their diagnostic usefulness and also assessing invasion, tumor grade and ER/PR status. Materials and Methods: Forty two patients, who presented to RL Jalappa hospital with breast lesions, underwent physical examination and both FNAC and CNB were done. Grading and ER/PR status was done for the malignant tumors using standard criteria on the same day using cytology smears and frozen sections. The results were compared with histopathological findings in excised specimens. Result: CNB was found to have higher sensitivity and specificity as compared to FNAC in diagnosing breast lesions. In all malignant cases assessment of invasion by core biopsy correlated well with excised specimens. Conclusion: CNB was able to give histological diagnosis with additional information which will affect the treatment. Keywords: FNAC, Core biopsy, Estrogen receptor, Progesterone receptor
Metronidazole is an antibiotic and an antiprotozoal drug, is cost effective treatment of choice in amoebic liver abscess. Cerebellar toxicity is quite rare and serious side effect of metronidazole, which is reversible. The importance of MRI brain in this condition is the typical finding of abnormal T2 as well as FLAIR hyperintensities in dentate nuclei and splenium of corpus callosum. We present a case of liver abscess on prolong metronidazole treatment presented with acute onset cerebellar ataxia.
Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, systemic, chronic inflammatory condition causing granulomatous vasculitis of medium-sized and large arteries of unknown etiology. A possible relationship between Takayasu arteritis and tuberculosis has been suggested but not proven until now. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and seizure are rare complications. We report a case of Takayasu arteritis with lymph node tuberculosis presented with status epilepticus and Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Background: Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals are at increased risk for kidney disease, including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). HIV peptides rather than infection may be more important in pathogenesis of HIVAN. Much has been learnt about the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-associated renal diseases because of the development of animal models and the molecular evaluation of clinical samples.Methods: We studied 90 consecutive patients with HIV and allocated them into 3 groups, each containing 30 patients on the basis of their CD4 counts. Then each group was divided into two subgroups, X and Y on the basis of whether they received anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) or not. Subgroup X received HAART and subgroup Y did not received HAART.Results: There was male preponderance (M: F=5.4: 1). Microalbuminuria, increased serum creatinine and decreased GFR was highest among HIV patients having CD4 count below 200 as compared to those having CD4 count of 200-350 and above 350.Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that both proteinuria and HIVAN are common in HIV infected patients. Proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate have a negative correlation with the CD4 count.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.